Créativité et apprentissage: quelles mises en oeuvre chez les jeunes enseignants fribourgeois ?

Notre travail de diplôme vise à mettre en avant la mise en oeuvre de la créativité chez les jeunes enseignants du canton de Fribourg. Par le biais de notre démarche qualitative, nous cherchons à faire un état des lieux de la concrétisation de la créativité dans les apprentissages. Notre travail prend ses racines au carrefour de cette double injonction contradictoire omniprésente du système scolaire où l’on demande à l’élève de « faire ce qu’attend le maître » tout en « trouvant des solutions par lui-même ». Après un éclairage conceptuel de la notion de créativité et de ce qu’il en découle, nous questionnons des enseignants tant sur leurs conceptions que leurs pratiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons interrogé sept enseignants (3 du cycle I et 4 du cycle II) en fonction depuis 2 à 9 ans. Après avoir transcrit chaque entretien, nous avons procédé au codage des données à l’aide du logiciel HyperResearch. A l’issu du codage, plusieurs aspects en ressortent : Les conceptions de la créativité chez les enseignants font majoritairement références à « l’imagination. » D’autres, sont plus disparates : « Sortir de sa zone de confort », « faire beaucoup avec rien », « nécessite des contraintes ». Sa mise en oeuvre n’est pas tributaire des disciplines chez les enseignants d’1-2H, alors qu’elle l’est plus au cycle II. Les enseignants soulèvent différentes raisons de la mettre en oeuvre dans les apprentissages : pour certains, il s’agit d’une demande de la société ou encore d’un besoin au quotidien, pour d’autres, la créativité a un impact positif sur le développement de la personne ou de ses apprentissages. Pour davantage optimiser la créativité, les enseignants auraient besoin de plus de temps à disposition dans leur programme, qu’ils trouvent exigeant. A la vue des différentes études menées en lien avec la créativité et compte tenu de nos résultats, nous prenons conscience de la complexité et de la densité du sujet. Cette recherche ne vise pas un résultat exhaustif, mais amorce une réflexion tant au niveau de nos représentations qu’au niveau de notre pratique

4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 double knockout mice are protected from aging-associated sarcopenia

Epub ahead of printBACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass/function that occurs during the aging process. The links between mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity and muscle development are largely documented, but the role of its downstream targets in the development of sarcopenia is poorly understood. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) are targets of mTOR that repress mRNA translation initiation and are involved in the control of several physiological processes. However, their role in skeletal muscle is still poorly understood. The goal of this study was to assess how loss of 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 expression impacts skeletal muscle function and homeostasis in aged mice and to characterize the associated metabolic changes by metabolomic and lipidomic profiling. METHODS: Twenty-four-month-old wild-type and whole body 4E-BP1/4E-BP2 double knockout (DKO) mice were used to measure muscle mass and function. Protein homeostasis was measured ex vivo in extensor digitorum longus by incorporation of l-[U-(14) C]phenylalanine, and metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of skeletal muscle was performed by Metabolon, Inc. RESULTS: The 4E-BP1/2 DKO mice exhibited an increase in muscle mass that was associated with increased grip strength (P < 0.05). Protein synthesis was higher under both basal (+102%, P < 0.05) and stimulated conditions (+65%, P < 0.05) in DKO skeletal muscle. Metabolomic and complex lipid analysis of skeletal muscle revealed robust differences pertaining to amino acid homeostasis, carbohydrate abundance, and certain aspects of lipid metabolism. In particular, levels of most free amino acids were lower within the 4E-BP1/2 DKO muscle. Interestingly, although glucose levels were unchanged, differences were observed in the isobaric compound maltitol/lactitol (33-fold increase, P < 0.01) and in several additional carbohydrate compounds. 4E-BP1/2 depletion also resulted in accumulation of medium-chain acylcarnitines and a 20% lower C2/C0 acylcarnitine ratio (P < 0.01) indicative of reduced beta-oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings demonstrate that deletion of 4E-BPs is associated with perturbed energy metabolism in skeletal muscle and could have beneficial effects on skeletal muscle mass and function in aging mice. They also identify 4E-BPs as potential targets for the treatment of sarcopenia

Composition Influences the Pathway but not the Outcome of the Metabolic Response of Bacterioplankton to Resource Shifts

Bacterioplankton community metabolism is central to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and strongly reactive to changes in the environment, yet the processes underlying this response remain unclear. Here we explore the role that community composition plays in shaping the bacterial metabolic response to resource gradients that occur along aquatic ecotones in a complex watershed in Québec. Our results show that the response is mediated by complex shifts in community structure, and structural equation analysis confirmed two main pathways, one involving adjustments in the level of activity of existing phylotypes, and the other the replacement of the dominant phylotypes. These contrasting response pathways were not determined by the type or the intensity of the gradients involved, as we had hypothesized, but rather it would appear that some compositional configurations may be intrinsically more plastic than others. Our results suggest that community composition determines this overall level of community plasticity, but that composition itself may be driven by factors independent of the environmental gradients themselves, such that the response of bacterial communities to a given type of gradient may alternate between the adjustment and replacement pathways. We conclude that community composition influences the pathways of response in these bacterial communities, but not the metabolic outcome itself, which is driven by the environment, and which can be attained through multiple alternative configurations

µ-Calpain Conversion of Antiapoptotic Bfl-1 (BCL2A1) into a Prodeath Factor Reveals Two Distinct alpha-Helices Inducing Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis

Anti-apoptotic Bfl-1 and pro-apoptotic Bax, two members of the Bcl-2 family sharing a similar structural fold, are classically viewed as antagonist regulators of apoptosis. However, both proteins were reported to be death inducers following cleavage by the cysteine protease µ-calpain. Here we demonstrate that calpain-mediated cleavage of full-length Bfl-1 induces the release of C-terminal membrane active α-helices that are responsible for its conversion into a pro-apoptotic factor. A careful comparison of the different membrane-active regions present in the Bfl-1 truncated fragments with homologous domains of Bax show that helix α5, but not α6, of Bfl-1 induces cell death and cytochrome c release from purified mitochondria through a Bax/Bak-dependent mechanism. In contrast, both helices α5 and α6 of Bax permeabilize mitochondria regardless of the presence of Bax or Bak. Moreover, we provide evidence that the α9 helix of Bfl-1 promotes cytochrome c release and apoptosis through a unique membrane-destabilizing action whereas Bax-α9 does not display such activities. Hence, despite a common 3D-structure, C-terminal toxic domains present on Bfl-1 and Bax function in a dissimilar manner to permeabilize mitochondria and induce apoptosis. These findings provide insights for designing therapeutic approaches that could exploit the cleavage of endogenous Bcl-2 family proteins or the use of Bfl-1/Bax-derived peptides to promote tumor cell clearance

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Estudio de la deformación en materiales con grano ultrafino

El objetivo principal de este proyecto es estudiar los mecanismos de deformación y de fractura de consolidados de hierro de grano ultrafino y nanocristalino. Este estudio se realizara mediante las herramientas experimentales siguientes: microscopía electrónica de barrido, ensayos con carga uniaxial (tracción y compresión), ensayos de microdureza, análisis de fractura, medidas de compacidad. Para cumplir con el objetivo propuesto se plantea desarrollar las siguientes actividades:  Variar la temperatura de los tratamientos térmicos posteriores para obtener diferentes características metalúrgicas en los consolidados. Realizar pruebas de compresión con diferentes tasas de deformación realizando paradas intermedias para determinar la evolución de la deformación. Realizar pruebas de microtraccion con diferentes velocidades de deformación y estudios posteriores de la superficie de fractura. Establecer la aplicación de las relaciones metalograficas como Hall-Petch y Coble en los materiales estudiados. Se pretende predecir el comportamiento mecánico y el modo de fractura de tales consolidados de hierro confirmando los modelos ya existentes

Estudio de la deformación en materiales con grano ultrafino

El objetivo principal de este proyecto es estudiar los mecanismos de deformación y de fractura de consolidados de hierro de grano ultrafino y nanocristalino. Este estudio se realizara mediante las herramientas experimentales siguientes: microscopía electrónica de barrido, ensayos con carga uniaxial (tracción y compresión), ensayos de microdureza, análisis de fractura, medidas de compacidad. Para cumplir con el objetivo propuesto se plantea desarrollar las siguientes actividades: Variar la temperatura de los tratamientos térmicos posteriores para obtener diferentes características metalúrgicas en los consolidados. Realizar pruebas de compresión con diferentes tasas de deformación realizando paradas intermedias para determinar la evolución de la deformación. Realizar pruebas de microtraccion con diferentes velocidades de deformación y estudios posteriores de la superficie de fractura. Establecer la aplicación de las relaciones metalograficas como Hall-Petch y Coble en los materiales estudiados. Se pretende predecir el comportamiento mecánico y el modo de fractura de tales consolidados de hierro confirmando los modelos ya existentes

Régulation de l'activité des délégataires de services de l'eau et de l'assainissement : Qu'avons-nous appris ? Peut-on faire mieux ?

Despite heavy impetus on the part of lawmakers, current legislation governing the operations of delegated local public service companies acting in the sectors of water and wastewater does leave a rather wide margin for potential mishandling, from the vantage point of both the company and local elected officials. Attaining efficiency in these services at the practical level implies the contribution of other mechanisms towards regulating this sector in a systemic fashion (what Dominique Lorrain has qualified as « regulator-free regulation »), which still remains only partial in scope. We'll be highlighting the role played by the relationships between the price and quality of water and wastewater services; our attention will then turn to presenting the results of an analysis carried out among 400 services in operation. The ensuing discussion will lead to recognizing to what extent the quality issue represents an uncertainty. Among the regulatory innovations suggested by economic theory as well as those resulting from selected experiments conducted abroad in other sectors of activity, we seek to emphasize the potential attractiveness of the « sunshine regulation », along with the fact that the relationships analyzed could help implement such a mechanism within the sector of water and wastewater services, whether at the national scale or Europe-wide. Lastly, we forward the notion that a « sunk cost » type of compensation formula would render the monopoly status enjoyed by delegated public service companies « contestable » and that competition could provide a powerful incentive for enhancing efficiency.Malgré un important effort législatif, les textes régissant l'activité des entreprises délégataires des services publics locaux d'environnement laissent de nombreuses possibilités de déviances, tant du côté de l'entreprise que de celui des élus. L'efficacité pratique constatée dans ces services implique que d'autres mécanismes contribuent à réguler ce secteur sous une forme systé- mique (qualifiée par D. Lorrain de « régulation sans régulateur ») qui reste cependant partielle. Nous explicitons le rôle joué par les rapports sur le prix et la qualité des services d'eau et présentons les résultats de l'analyse de 400 d'entre eux, mettant en évidence que la qualité de ce dispositif reste incertaine. Parmi les innovations réglementaires que suggèrent la théorie économique et certaines expériences menées à l'étranger dans d'autres secteurs d'activité, nous soulignons l'intérêt que pourrait présenter la « sunshine regulation » et le fait que les rapports analysés pourraient contribuer à la mise en place d'un tel mécanisme dans le secteur de l'eau, au niveau français ou européen. Nous suggérons enfin qu'un système d'indemnisation des « sunk cost » permettrait de rendre « contestable » le monopole dont bénéficient les délégataires, et que cette concurrence potentielle pourrait constituer une incitation pertinente à une plus grande efficacité.Salles Jean-Michel, Inglès Jérôme. Régulation de l'activité des délégataires de services de l'eau et de l'assainissement : Qu'avons-nous appris ? Peut-on faire mieux ?. In: Flux, n°31-32, 1998. pp. 35-48

Mobilisation de protéines de la voie de jonction d'extrémités non homologues en réponse aux cassures double-brin de l'ADN dans les cellules de mammifère

TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Possible Role of Adipose Tissue and the Endocannabinoid System in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pathogenesis: Can Rimonabant Return?

International audienceThis is the main conclusion of a recent study describing a strong relationship between the degree of obesity and the severity of COVID‐19 infection. Obesity has various negative consequences relative to the course of COVID‐19, including adverse effects on lung physiology, and induces comorbidities such as type II diabetes or hypertension. However, additional mechanisms involving the low‐grade inflammatory state accompanying obesity can also be suggeste