Fósforo reativo : arraste superficial sob chuvas simuladas para diferentes coberturas vegetais

O fósforo é um elemento químico chave para a qualidade da água, agindo principalmente como gatilho desencadeador das florações algais. A principal fonte de fósforo nas pequenas bacias rurais advém da agricultura feita nas encostas das bacias, podendo chegar de várias formas ao corpo d’água, porém as formas mais impactantes são o fósforo reativo total e o dissolvido. A forma dissolvida é a que apresenta maiores riscos pois pode percorrer distâncias comparativamente maiores do que o fósforo reativo nos sedimentos em suspensão que podem acabar depositados ao longo do caminho. Portanto, este trabalho visa avaliar se diferentes coberturas do solo por culturas anuais podem interferir no arraste destas formas de fósforo, afetando o risco da degradação dos recursos hídricos das pequenas bacias rurais. Apesar de não ter havido diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, verificou-se sazonalidade ao longo do experimento representando uma estação de cultivo. Isto significa que houve variação do nível de risco, uma vez que, no terço inicial das primeiras chuvas, o risco de arraste de fósforo na enxurrada foi mais elevado em relação a períodos chuvosos mais distantes da época de plantio/fertilização, tornando-se possível avaliar o risco à bacia de forma sazonal e não anual.Phosphorus is a chemical element considered key to water quality, mainly acting as a trigger of algal blooms. The main source of phosphorus in small rural basins is agriculture practiced in the slopes of the basins. This phosphorus can come in various forms to the water body, but the most striking ones are the total and dissolved reactive phosphorus. The dissolved form has higher risks, because it can cover distances comparatively larger than the reactive phosphorus in suspension which can be deposited along the path. This study sought to determine if different coverage of annual crops can interfere in the transport of these forms of phosphorus, affecting the risk of degradation of water resources of small rural watersheds. Although there was no significant difference between treatments, but seasonality was verified along the experiment representing a growing season. This means that there was also some variation in the level of risk, since, in the first third of the first rains, the risk of entrainment of phosphorus in runoff was higher in relation to rainy periods more distant from the planting/fertilization period, making possible to assess the risk to the watershed in a seasonal way rather than annual

Superficial loss of reactive phosphorus potentially contaminant by intense rainfall simulation

O fósforo naturalmente presente ou adicionado ao solo, dependendo da conjunção de fatores, pode desencadear uma situação de alto risco ambiental para os recursos hídricos de bacias hidrográficas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a transferência na superfície do solo de algumas formas de fósforo reativo, originário da adubação fosfatada em solo sem cultivo e descoberto, transportado pelo escoamento superficial da água de chuvas. O experimento foi executado em Lages, SC, com duas repetições de campo, sob regime de chuvas intensas simuladas (64 mm h−1 durante 50 minutos). Os resultados apontam que o fósforo pode representar sério risco ambiental aos recursos hídricos das bacias, em diferentes escalas no tempo e no espaço, através das formas reativas de fósforo e suas diferentes maneiras de transporte.Phosphorus is naturally present or added to the soil and, depending on the mix of factors, may trigger a high environmental risk to water resources in river basins. The aim of this study was to quantify the transfer for soil surface of some forms of reactive phosphorus originating from phosphorus fertilization on bare soil, carried by the runoff. The experiment was carried out in Lages, SC, Brazil, with two replications in the field under intense simulated rainfall (64 mm h−1 for 50 minutes). The results indicate that phosphorus may represent a serious environmental risk to water resources of basins at different scales in time and space, through the reactive forms of phosphorus and their different ways of transportation

Adaptação metodológica no cálculo de cargas contaminantes de fósforo em bacias hidrográficas gaúchas

O fósforo em excesso no ambiente pode provocar diversos impactos negativos, com especial referência à qualidade das águas. Por isso, é necessária a adequação de metodologias para a avaliação de seu risco em relação aos recursos hídricos enfatizando, na escala de uma bacia hidrográfica, as fontes difusas agrícolas, que impõem maior dificuldade de estimativa. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma adaptação metodológica para quantificar o arraste de fósforo reativo dissolvido e total em áreas agrícolas, com base na influência de culturas arbóreas, de porte herbáceo e de campo nativo, além do seu manejo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo do arraste do fósforo reativo de parcelas cobertas por diferentes culturas agrícolas e relacioná-las com a metodologia do cálculo de carga máxima diária, atualmente aceita pelos órgãos ambientais do Estado para os processos de licenciamento ambiental de atividades potencialmente poluidoras. Os resultados demonstram que o cálculo de carga de fósforo contaminante, atualmente em uso, pode estar subestimando as condições brasileiras, sobremaneira para o Rio Grande do Sul e que a nova metodologia permite introduzir a variação temporal como elemento de análise no processo, permitindo que a análise para licenciamentos adote uma postura dinâmica e pontual.The excess of phosphorus in the environment can cause several negative impacts, especially with regard to water quality. Hence adequate methodologies are needed for assessing this risk at the watershed scale, emphasizing that the non-point agricultural sources impose greater estimate difficulties. The objective of this work was to propose an adapted methodology to quantify the dissolved and total reactive phosphorus movement in agricultural areas, based on the influence of agricultural crops (arboreous and herbaceous size), native pasture and its management in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil). The methodology used was the study of reactive phosphorus release in plots covered by different crops and its relation to the methodology of calculation of maximum daily loads, currently accepted by the state environmental agencies for the environmental licensing of potentially polluting activities. The results show that the calculation of load of phosphorus contaminant currently in use, may be underestimating the Brazilian conditions, especially in Rio Grande do Sul, and that the new methodology allows one to include temporal variation as an element in the process of analysis, turning the licensing analysis into a dynamic and punctual process

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Long-term Mortality in HIV-Positive Individuals Virally Suppressed for >3 Years With Incomplete CD4 Recovery

Virally suppressed HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy who do not achieve a CD4 count >200 cells/µL have substantially increased long-term mortality. The increased mortality was seen across different patient groups and for all causes of deat

The Incidence of AIDS-Defining Illnesses at a Current CD4 Count ≥200 Cells/µL in the Post-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era

The incidence of AIDS was higher in patients with a current CD4 count of 500-749 cells/µL compared to 750-999 cells/µL, but did not decrease further at higher CD4 levels. Results were similar in those virologically suppressed on combination antiretroviral therapy, suggesting immune reconstitution is incomplete until CD4 >750/µ

The Early Royal Society and Visual Culture

Recent studies have fruitfully examined the intersection between early modern science and visual culture by elucidating the functions of images in shaping and disseminating scientific knowledge. Given its rich archival sources, it is possible to extend this line of research in the case of the Royal Society to an examination of attitudes towards images as artefacts –manufactured objects worth commissioning, collecting and studying. Drawing on existing scholarship and material from the Royal Society Archives, I discuss Fellows’ interests in prints, drawings, varnishes, colorants, images made out of unusual materials, and methods of identifying the painter from a painting. Knowledge of production processes of images was important to members of the Royal Society, not only as connoisseurs and collectors, but also as those interested in a Baconian mastery of material processes, including a “history of trades”. Their antiquarian interests led to discussion of painters’ styles, and they gradually developed a visual memorial to an institution through portraits and other visual records.AH/M001938/1 (AHRC