Sensory Quality Attributes of Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Injera as Influenced by Genotype and Environment

አህፅሮት ጤፍ በአብዛኛው ለእንጀራ አገልግሎት ይውላል፡፡ በመካከለኛው ኢትዮጵያ የሚመረት ነጭ ጤፍ በሌሎች ቦታዎች ከሚመረተው በጥራቱ የተሸለ ነው ተብሎ ስለሚታመን በከፍተኛ ዋጋ ይሸጣል፡፡ ስለዚህ ይህ የምርምር ስራ ያተኮረው ነጭ ቀለም ያላቸውን ሶስት የተለያዩ የጤፍ ዝርያዎቸን (ዕፀብ፣ ማኛ እና ቁንጮ) በአምስት የተለያዩ የመካከለኛውና ሰሜን ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ አካባቢዎች በመዝራት በእንጀራ ጥራት መስፈረቶች መሰረት በማወዳደር ያለቸውን የጥራት ልዩነታቸውን ለማወቅ እና ጥራታቸውን ከዝርያዎቹ የፍሬ እና ዱቄት ቀለም ጥራት እንዲሁም ከተመረቱበት አካባቢ የአፈርን የአየር ፀባይ ጋር ያለቸውን ዝምድና ለማጥናት ነው፡፡ በዚህ ጥናት በእንጀራ መጋገርና መብላት ጥልቅ ዕውቀት ያላቸውን 21 ሰዎችን በማስገምገም የተሰራ ስራ ነው፡፡ እነዘህ 21 የእንጀራ ጥራት ገምጋሚዎች በእንጀራ የላይ ገፅታ ቀለም የጀርባ ገፅታ ቀለም፣ የዓይን አደራደር፣ የመጠቅለል/ልስላሴ ባሀሪ እና አጠቃላይ የእንጀራ ጥረታ ላይ ሲሳተፉ ከእነዚህ ውስጥ 11 ተመርጠው የጥፍጥና ጥናት ላይ ተሳትፈዋል፡፡ የልዩነት ትንተና ስሌቱ እንደሚያሳየው የእንጀራ ጥፍጥና ጤፍ በተመረተበት አካባቢ ብቻ ካሳየው ልዩነት ውጭ ሌሎች የእንጀራ ጥራት መስፈርቶች በሙሉ በዝርያ በተመረቱበት አካባቢ እና ዝርያዎች ከበቀሉበት አካባቢ ባላቸው መስተጋብር ከፍተኛ (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) ልነቶች እንዳላቸው ያሳያል፡፡ የእንጀራ ጥራት ማለትም የላይ ገፅታ ቀለም፣ የጀርባ ገፅታ ቀለም፣ የዓይን አደራደር፣ የመጠቅለል፣ የጥፍጥና  እና አጠቃላይ የእንጀራ ጥራት ልዩነት የመጣበትን የትንተና ልየታ ውጤት ስናይ ደግሞ፤ በበቀሉበት ቦታ ምክንያት የመጣው ልዩነት የ52.4በመቶ፣ 38.7በመቶ፣ 62.5በመቶ፣ 87.6በመቶ፣ 69.0በመቶ፣ እና 80.8በመቶ እንዲሁም ዝርያዎች ከተመረቱበት ቦታ ጋር ባለቸው መስተጋብር የ40.9በመቶ፣ 53.0በመቶ፣ 26.0በመቶ፣ 12.0በመቶ፣ 28.6በመቶ፣ እና 18.6በመቶ በተከታታይ ለልዩነታቸው ምክንያት ሲሆን በዝርያዎቹ ምክንያት የመጣው የጥራት ልዩነት ደግሞ (6.6በመቶ፣ 8.3በመቶ፣ 11.6በመቶ፣ 0.3በመቶ፣ 2.4በመቶ እና 0.6በመቶ ቅደም ተከተል) ዝቅተኛ ነበር ፡፡ የእንጀራ ጥራት ጤፍ ከሚበቅልበት የአፈር ዓይነት (መረሬ/ዋልካ)፣ ኮምጣጣነት፣ የንጥረ-ነገር ቅይይር ብቃት፣  ካልሽዬም፣ ፖታሽየም፣ ማግኒዥየም መጠን ጋር እንዲሁም ከጤፍ ቀለም ፍካት/ብሩህነት/ (brightnes) እና የተመረተበት ከባህር ጠለል በላይ ካለው ከፍታ መጨመር አወንታዊ/ቀጥተኛ የሆነ ግነኙነት አለው፡፡ የአፈር ውስጥ የናይተሮጅን እና  የሳልፈር መጠን አሉታዊ/ተቃራኒ የሆነ ትርጉማዊ ግንኙነት እንዳላቸው ውጤቱ አሳይቷል፡፡ የዝናብ መጠን መጨመር የእንጀራ ጥራትን የመቀነስና ጤፍ የተመረተበት ቦታ ከባህር ወለል እየጨመረ ሲሄድ የእንጀራ ዓይንና ልስላሴ መጨመር  ተስተውሏል፡፡  በአጠቃላይ የእንጀራ ጥራት ከዝርያ ይልቅ በሚመረቱበት አካባቢ የአፈርና የአየር ፀባይ እንዲሁም ዝርያዎች ጤፉ ከሚመረትበት ከባቢያዊ ሁኔታ ጋር ያላቸው መስተጋብር ይበልጥ ተፅዕኖ ይፈጥራሉ፡፡ ይህ ጥናት ሲደመደም መረሬ/ዋልካ አፈር የሆነና ከኮምጣጣነት ወደ አልካላይንነት የሚያደላ፣ በቤዝ ካታዮን/ብረተ-አስተኔ የበለፀገ ከሆነ የእንጀራ ጥራቱ እንደሚጨምር እና በቀይ አፈር ላይ በአንሰተኛ የአፈር በቤዝ ካታዮን/ብረተ-አስተኔ የተመረተ ጥራቱ እንደሚቀንስ አመላክቷል፡፡ ከአሁን በፊት ሰሜን ምዕራብ አማራ የተመረተ ጤፍ በእንጀራ ጥራቱ ከመካከለኛው የኢትዮጵያ ክፍል ከሚመረተው ያንሳል የሚለው አሰተሳሰብ በመረሬ/አፈር የተመረቱትን የጤፍ ዝርያዎችን አወዳድረን ስናይ ልዩነት አላቸው የሚል ድመዳሜ ላይ አያስደርስም፡፡ የበለጠ ግልፅና አስተማማኝ ውጤት ይኖር ዘንድ የአፈር ንጥረ-ነገር ማዳበሪያዎች ለጤፍ እንጀራ ጥራት ያለላቸውን ተፅዕኖ የሚዳሰስበት ጥናት በተለያዩ ስነ-ምህዳሮችና አፈር ዓይነቶች መሞከር ተገቢ ነው፡፡   Abstract  Tef is used to make injera (bubbly, pancake-like bread). It is believed that the white color tef grain produced in the central highlands of Ethiopia fetches the highest price as compared to the other areas due to its injera quality. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in the central and northwestern highlands of Ethiopia to evaluate Injera Sensory Quality Attributes (ISQA) on the three white-colored tef genotypes (Etsub, Magna, and Quncho) produced on five environments and to assess its relationship with edaphic factor, climatic factor, and grain and flour color of tef. The responses of the 21 knowledgeable consumer panelists' for top surface color, bottom surface color, malleability, eye appearance, and general rating; and 11 of them for taste subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA result showed that except taste significantly (P < 0.05) different only on the environment, other ISQA were significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) different on the genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction effects. The variance component result revealed that the environment (52.4%, 38.7%, 62.5%, 87.6%, 69.0%, and 80.8%) and genotype (40.9%, 53.0%, 26.0%, 12.0%, 28.6%, and 18.6%) contribution to the variation of BSC, TSC, eye appearance, Malleability, taste, and general rating were high, while  the genotype was low (6.6%, 8.3%, 11.6%, 0.3%, 2.4% and  0.6%).  There were also significant positive correlations of soil properties (black color/vertisols pH, CEC, ca, Mg, and K), grain and flour color V value, and altitude; while soil total nitrogen and sulfur as well as precipitation showed an indirect significant relationship with IQSA. These results concluded that tef grown on vertisols with slightly acidic to neutral soil pH and relatively high in basic cations have a better quality of injera as compared to tef grown in nitisols with low soil pH and basic cations. Based on our results, we argued that the quality of tef injera “as low quality” grown in Vertisols of the northwestern highlands couldn’t be substantiated. A further study under controlled environment is recommended to evaluate the effects of different soil nutrients effect on ISQA under different soil types and agro-ecologies of Ethiopia

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Effect of Parboiling Conditions on Physical and Cooking Quality of Selected Rice Varieties

Most locally cultivated rice varieties in Ethiopia have low physical (low head rice yield, high broken rice yield, and high percentage of chalkiness) and cooking qualities (low water uptake ratio and swelling ratio). Parboiling, a process which involves soaking, steaming, and drying, has been identified as a key technique to improve cooking and milling quality of rice. The current study is aimed at elucidating the effect of parboiling on physical and cooking qualities of three rice varieties (Gumara, Edget, and Narica4) collected from Fogera National Rice Research and Training Center, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Each rice variety was subjected to different soaking temperatures (40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C) and steaming time (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes). The treatment effect results indicated that parboiling has a significant effect (P<0.05) on head rice yield and percentage of broken rice with increased soaking temperature and steaming time as compared to the control. For instance, percent head rice yield increased as soaking temperature (from 40 to 80°C) and steaming time (from 10 to 50 min) increased: for Gumara, from 4.07 to 93.6%, for Edget, 9.47 to 96.53, and from 3.20 to 91.67 for Narica4. Percentage chalkiness had decreased as soaking temperature and steaming time increased: 97.33% to 0.00% for Gumara, 97.80% to 0.00% for Edget, and 100.00% to 0.13% for Narica4 as compared to 100% for control of all varieties. The minimum cooking time was identified as 16-23 min for Gumara, 16-23 min for Edget, and 15-20 min for Narica4 rice varieties. The result of the present study clearly showed that parboiling with high soaking temperature and steaming time increased the head rice yield, water uptake ratio, decreased percentage chalkiness, and enhanced the overall quality of the rice varieties

Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

MAPPING LOCAL PATTERNS OF CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT AND WASTING IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES BETWEEN 2000 AND 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic