A taxonomic revision and phylogeny of Poecilanthe s.l. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Brongniartieae)

Orientador: Ana Maria Goulart de Azevedo TozziDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Poecilanthe (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Brongniartieae) é em gênero sul-americano que inclui atualmente dez espécies. A heterogeneidade morfológica e química encontrada em Poecilanthe dificulta sua circunscrição e coloca em dúvida sua monofilia. Além disso, limites interespecíficos imprecisos e falta de chave de identificação dificultam o reconhecimento das espécies. Este trabalho tem como objetivos testar a monofilia de Poecilanthe e estabelecer as relações entre suas espécies, bem como revisar a taxonomia do gênero. Para tanto, uma análise filogenética de máxima parcimônia baseada em caracteres morfológicos e seqüências de ITS/5.8S (nrDNA) foi realizada. Como subsídio para a análise cladística, foi feito um estudo sobre a morfologia das sementes e embriões de Poecilanthe, que resultou no reconhecimento de quatro padrões distintos de morfologia. Os resultados da filogenia mostram que Poecilanthe não é um gênero monofilético, sendo composto por três clados parafiléticos em relação à tribo. Estes três clados foram caracterizados morfologicamente e considerados como gêneros distintos. Poecilanthe é recircunscrito para incluir apenas as espécies extra-amazônicas (Poecilanthe s.s.), compreendendo então seis espécies. O gênero Amphiodon é restabelecido, e P. ovalifolia combinada neste. Um gênero novo é descrito para incluir P. amazonica e P. hostmannii. Cada um destes gêneros foi tratado taxonomicamente, constando em cada tratamento descrições, ilustrações e chave para a identificação das espéciesAbstract: The genus Poecilanthe (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Brongniartieae) currently comprises ten South-American species. The morphological and chemical diversity that is found within this genus renders its circumscription imprecise and brings Poecilanthe¿s monophyly into question. This work aims to test the monophyly of Poecilanthe and to revise the taxonomy of the genus. A parsimony analysis based on both morphological and ITS/5.8S data was carried out. In order to provide characters to the cladistic analysis, the morphology of the seeds and embryos of Poecilanthe was analyzed, and resulted in the identification of four different morphological patterns. The phylogeny does not support Poecilanthe as monophyletic, but resolves three different well-supported lineages that are paraphyletic with respect to the tribe. These clades are morphologically characterized and ranked at the generic level. Poecilanthe is recircumscribed to include the six extra-Amazonian species only. The genus Amphiodon is reinstated and P. ovalifolia is combined. Poecilante amazonica and P. hostmannii are segregated into a new genus. Each genus was revised and descriptions, illustrations and identification key for the species are presented.MestradoBiologia VegetalMestre em Biologia Vegeta

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p < 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p < 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease