Arquitetura para execução segura de workflows de eGovernment dinâmicos

Doutoramento em Engenharia InformáticaA integração de serviços na perspetiva dos cidadãos e empresas e a necessidade de garantir algumas características da Administração Pública como a versatilidade e a competitividade colocam alguns constrangimentos na conceção das arquiteturas de integração de serviços. Para que seja possível integrar serviços de forma a que se garanta a mutabilidade da Administração Pública, é necessário criar dinamicamente workflows. No entanto, a criação de dinâmica de workflows suscita algumas preocupações ao nível da segurança, nomeadamente em relação à privacidade dos resultados produzidos durante a execução de um workflow e em relação à aplicação de políticas de controlo de participação no workflow pelos diversos executores do mesmo. Neste trabalho apresentamos um conjunto de princípios e regras (arquitetura) que permitem a criação e execução de workflows dinâmicos resolvendo, através de um modelo de segurança, as questões referidas. A arquitetura utiliza a composição de serviços para dessa forma construir serviços complexos a que poderá estar inerente um workflow dinâmico. A arquitetura usa ainda um paradigma de troca de mensagens-padrão entre os prestadores de serviços envolvidos num workflow dinâmico. O modelo de segurança proposto está intimamente ligado ao conjunto de mensagens definido na arquitetura. No âmbito do trabalho foram identificadas e analisadas várias arquiteturas e/ou plataformas de integração de serviços. A análise realizada teve como objetivo identificar as arquiteturas que permitem a criação de workflows dinâmicos e, destas, aquelas que utilizam mecanismos de privacidade para os resultados e de controlo de participação dos executores desses workflows. A arquitetura de integração que apresentamos é versátil, escalável, permite a prestação concorrente de serviços entre prestadores de serviços e permite criar workflows dinâmicos. A arquitetura permite que as entidades executoras do workflow decidam sobre a sua participação, decidam sobre a participação de terceiros (a quem delegam serviços) e decidam a quem entregam os resultados. Os participantes são acreditados por entidades certificadores reconhecidas pelos demais participantes. As credenciais fornecidas pelas entidades certificadoras são o ponto de partida para a aplicação de políticas de segurança no âmbito da arquitetura. Para validar a arquitetura proposta foram identificados vários casos de uso que exemplificam a necessidade de construção de workflows dinâmicos para atender a serviços complexos (não prestados na íntegra por uma única entidade). Estes casos de uso foram implementados num protótipo da arquitetura desenvolvido para o efeito. Essa experimentação permitiu concluir que a arquitetura está adequada para prestar esses serviços usando workflows dinâmicos e que na execução desses workflows os executores dispõem dos mecanismos de segurança adequados para controlar a sua participação, a participação de terceiros e a privacidade dos resultados produzidos no âmbito dos mesmos.The integration of services from the citizens and businesses perspective and the need ensure some characteristics of the Public Administration as versatility and competitiveness puts some constraints on the design of architectures for service integration. To be able to integrate services in order to ensure the mutability of the Public Administration the creation of dynamic workflows is required. However, the creation of dynamic workflows raises some concerns in terms of security, particularly in relation to the privacy of results produced during the execution of the workflow and in relation to the application of control policies in workflow participation by many of the workflow executioners. We present a set of principles and rules (architecture) that enable the creation and execution of dynamic workflows providing a security model that allows to solve the security issues mentioned before. The architecture combines the composition of services to construct complex services to which may be inherent a dynamic workflow. The architecture also uses a paradigm of standard messages exchange amongs service providers involved in a dynamic workflow. The proposed security model is closely linked to all the messages defined in the architecture. Within the scope of this work several architectures and/or platform for service integration were identified and analyzed. The analysis aimed to identify the architectures that create dynamic workflows, and of these, those which use privacy mechanisms for the results and participation control by the executioners of these workflows. The service integration architecture that we present is versatile, scalable, allows the provision of services between competing service providers and creates dynamic workflows. The architecture allows workflow participants to decide about their participation, decide on the participation of third parties (to whom they delegate services) and to whom the results are delivered. The participants are accredited by the certification authorities recognized by the other participants. The credentials provided by the certification authorities are the starting point for the application of the security policies within the architecture. To validate the proposed architecture several use cases that exemplify the need to build dynamic workflows to address complex services (not provided in full by a single entity) were identified. These use cases were implemented in a prototype developed for this purpose. This experiment showed that the architecture is suitable to provide these services using dynamic workflows and that during the execution the security mechanisms are suited to control their participation, the involvement of third parties and the privacy of the results produced

Partitioning orthogonal polygons by extension of all edges incident to reflex vertices: lower and upper bounds on the number of pieces

Given an orthogonal polygon P, let |Π(P)| be the number of rectangles that result when we partition P by extending the edges incident to reflex vertices towards INT(P). In Tomás, A. P., Bajuelos, A. L., Marques, F.: Approximation algorithms to minimum vertex cover problems on polygons and terrains. In P.M.A Sloot et al. (Eds): Proc. of ICCS 2003, LNCS 2657, SpringerVerlag (2003) 869-878. we showed that |Π(P)| ≤ 1 + r + r 2, where r is the number of reflex vertices of P. We shall now give sharper bounds both for maxP |Π(P)| and minP |Π(P)|. Moreover, we characterize the structure of orthogonal polygons in general position for which these new bounds are exact.Programa de Financiamento Plurianual, Fundação para a Ciéncia e TecnologiaPrograma POSIPrograma POCTI, FCTFondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regiona

Discount Coupons Dematerialization: a Comprehensive Literature Review

This article presents a comprehensive literature review regarding digital coupon processing in its various aspects: suppliers, retailers and customers. Current standards, solutions and platforms available in the market and proposed by the scientific community (research, patents, etc.) are presented. A brief summary of the major trends in digital coupon processing is also presented. By resuming the state of the art in digital coupon processing, the article may be useful both for researchers and practitioners interested in the topic

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data