Corrosion des armatures du béton : couplage carbonatation-chlorures en présence de cycles hydriques

La maîtrise et l'optimisation de la durabilité des structures en béton et des produits préfabriqués en particulier constituent un enjeu particulièrement important pour l'ensemble des acteurs (maîtres d'ouvrages, maîtres d'œuvres, industriels de la préfabrication). L'objectif des travaux développés dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat est de faire le point sur les connaissances actuelles et les besoins vis-à-vis de la tenue des armatures à la corrosion et de renforcer la compréhension phénoménologique de ces mécanismes de dégradation. In fine, ces travaux permettent d'aboutir à l'élaboration d'un modèle permettant d'étudier la pénétration des ions chlorure en conditions hydriques variables ou non, la carbonatation, le couplage des deux mécanismes, et le phénomène de corrosion des armatures en conditions hydriques variables. Une campagne expérimentale permet de caractériser les propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques de différents bétons et leur comportement au regard des principaux environnements agressifs pouvant conduire à la corrosion des armatures. L'objectif final de ces travaux réside dans l'élaboration d'un modèle simple et fiable permettant de considérer le couplage de tous les phénomènes importants liés à la durabilité des bétons, de la pénétration des espèces agressives à l'amorçage et à la propagation du phénomène de corrosion des armatures. En première application, le modèle peut être utilisé pour des calculs de durée de vie des ouvrages en béton armé dans un contexte probabiliste, cela en adoptant un critère de quantité de produit corrodé et non pas seulement de dépassivation, il permet alors d'optimiser le dimensionnement des enrobages en prenant en compte les propriétés intrinsèques des matériaux et les conditions environnementales. Cette étude permet de quantifier les gains de durabilité de produits exposés à un risque de corrosion des armatures obtenus en augmentant la compacité du béton, en optimisant les caractéristiques du liant et le process de fabrication.Mastering and optimizing the durability of concrete structures and especially prefabricated products is a major challenge for the entire profession. The goal of this work is to focus on the knowledge and the needs for assessing the performance of the reinforcement to the corrosion phenomenon and to heighten the mechanisms comprehension. Finally, this work allows coming up with a model able to simulate the penetration of chlorides in saturated environment or with wetting-drying cycles, the carbonation, the combination between these two mechanisms and the reinforcement corrosion in variable hydric conditions. A huge experimental campaign leads to a complete characterization of the mechanical, chemical and physical properties of several concretes and their performance towards to the main aggressive environment for the reinforcement corrosion. The final goal of this research project is to come up with a comprehensive and accurate model which should be able to consider all the most important coupled phenomena linked to the concrete durability, from the penetration of aggressive species to the real initiation of the corrosion phenomenon. First practical applications will consist in assessing the lifetime of the concrete structures in a probabilistic way and optimizing the design of concrete cover thickness by taking into account the intrinsic properties of the materials and the environmental conditions. This work allows quantifying the gain in durability performance of concrete product exposed to a risk of reinforcement corrosion obtained by increase the density level, optimize the cast process, or optimize the characteristic of the binder

Economic assessment of an intervention strategy to reduce antimicrobial usage in small-scale chicken farms in Vietnam.

Antimicrobials are a core aspect of most livestock production systems, especially in low-and middle-income countries. They underpin the efficient use of scarce feed resources and stabilize returns on capital and labor inputs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) contributes to the production of healthy animals, yet AMU in livestock is linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, humans and the environment. The Vietnamese Platform for Antimicrobial Reduction in Chicken Production was implemented during 2016-2019 and was one of Southeast Asia's first interventions focused on AMU reductions in livestock production. The project targeted small-scale commercial poultry farms in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam using a "randomized before-and-after controlled" study design. It provided farmers with a locally adapted support service (farmer training plan, advisory visits, biosecurity, and antimicrobial replacement products) to help them reduce their reliance on antimicrobials. A partial budget analysis was performed comparing the control group (status-quo) and intervention group (alternative). The median net farm-level benefit of the intervention strategies with the project's support was VND 6.78 million (interquartile range (IR) VND -71.9-89 million) per farm. Without project support the benefit was reduced to VND 5.1 million (IR VND -69.1-87.2 million) to VND 5.3 million (IR -VND 68.9-87.5 million) depending on the antimicrobial alternative product used. At the project level with a focus on AMU and its reduction, subsequently influence on the resistance reduction, our results showed that achieving resistance reduction benefits with the current knowledge and technologies required investment of at least VND 9.1 million (US$ 395.10) per farm during the project's lifetime. The results highlight the positive net profit for the majority of enrolled farms and a reasonable investments from the project. The recommendation focuses on the implementation of policies on financial support, legislation, and information as potential solutions to facilitate the application of intervention strategies to reduce AMU in poultry production

Identification of six new susceptibility loci for invasive epithelial ovarian cancer.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 12 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) susceptibility alleles. The pattern of association at these loci is consistent in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers who are at high risk of EOC. After imputation to 1000 Genomes Project data, we assessed associations of 11 million genetic variants with EOC risk from 15,437 cases unselected for family history and 30,845 controls and from 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers (3,096 with ovarian cancer), and we combined the results in a meta-analysis. This new study design yielded increased statistical power, leading to the discovery of six new EOC susceptibility loci. Variants at 1p36 (nearest gene, WNT4), 4q26 (SYNPO2), 9q34.2 (ABO) and 17q11.2 (ATAD5) were associated with EOC risk, and at 1p34.3 (RSPO1) and 6p22.1 (GPX6) variants were specifically associated with the serous EOC subtype, all with P < 5 × 10(-8). Incorporating these variants into risk assessment tools will improve clinical risk predictions for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.COGS project is funded through a European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme grant (agreement number 223175 ] HEALTH ]F2 ]2009 ]223175). The CIMBA data management and data analysis were supported by Cancer Research.UK grants 12292/A11174 and C1287/A10118. The Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium is supported by a grant from the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund thanks to donations by the family and friends of Kathryn Sladek Smith (PPD/RPCI.07). The scientific development and funding for this project were in part supported by the US National Cancer Institute GAME ]ON Post ]GWAS Initiative (U19 ]CA148112). This study made use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control consortium. Funding for the project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113. The results published here are in part based upon data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project established by the National Cancer Institute and National Human Genome Research Institute (dbGap accession number phs000178.v8.p7). The cBio portal is developed and maintained by the Computational Biology Center at Memorial Sloan ] Kettering Cancer Center. SH is supported by an NHMRC Program Grant to GCT. Details of the funding of individual investigators and studies are provided in the Supplementary Note. This study made use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control consortium, funding for which was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113. The results published here are, in part, based upon data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project established by the National Cancerhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3185This is the Author Accepted Manuscript of 'Identification of six new susceptibility loci for invasive epithelial ovarian cancer' which was published in Nature Genetics 47, 164–171 (2015) © Nature Publishing Group - content may only be used for academic research

Identification of 12 new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer.

To identify common alleles associated with different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we pooled data from multiple genome-wide genotyping projects totaling 25,509 EOC cases and 40,941 controls. We identified nine new susceptibility loci for different EOC histotypes: six for serous EOC histotypes (3q28, 4q32.3, 8q21.11, 10q24.33, 18q11.2 and 22q12.1), two for mucinous EOC (3q22.3 and 9q31.1) and one for endometrioid EOC (5q12.3). We then performed meta-analysis on the results for high-grade serous ovarian cancer with the results from analysis of 31,448 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, including 3,887 mutation carriers with EOC. This identified three additional susceptibility loci at 2q13, 8q24.1 and 12q24.31. Integrated analyses of genes and regulatory biofeatures at each locus predicted candidate susceptibility genes, including OBFC1, a new candidate susceptibility gene for low-grade and borderline serous EOC

Polygenic Risk Modelling for Prediction of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Risk

Funder: Funding details are provided in the Supplementary MaterialAbstractPolygenic risk scores (PRS) for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have the potential to improve risk stratification. Joint estimation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) effects in models could improve predictive performance over standard approaches of PRS construction. Here, we implemented computationally-efficient, penalized, logistic regression models (lasso, elastic net, stepwise) to individual level genotype data and a Bayesian framework with continuous shrinkage, “select and shrink for summary statistics” (S4), to summary level data for epithelial non-mucinous ovarian cancer risk prediction. We developed the models in a dataset consisting of 23,564 non-mucinous EOC cases and 40,138 controls participating in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC) and validated the best models in three populations of different ancestries: prospective data from 198,101 women of European ancestry; 7,669 women of East Asian ancestry; 1,072 women of African ancestry, and in 18,915 BRCA1 and 12,337 BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers of European ancestry. In the external validation data, the model with the strongest association for non-mucinous EOC risk derived from the OCAC model development data was the S4 model (27,240 SNPs) with odds ratios (OR) of 1.38(95%CI:1.28–1.48,AUC:0.588) per unit standard deviation, in women of European ancestry; 1.14(95%CI:1.08–1.19,AUC:0.538) in women of East Asian ancestry; 1.38(95%CI:1.21-1.58,AUC:0.593) in women of African ancestry; hazard ratios of 1.37(95%CI:1.30–1.44,AUC:0.592) in BRCA1 pathogenic variant carriers and 1.51(95%CI:1.36-1.67,AUC:0.624) in BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers. Incorporation of the S4 PRS in risk prediction models for ovarian cancer may have clinical utility in ovarian cancer prevention programs.</jats:p

Corrosion des armatures du béton (couplage carbonatation-chlorures en présence de cycles hydriques)

TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Interest of using a model combining carbonation/chloride ingress and depassivation to better anticipate the rehabilitation of concrete structures

Mastering and optimizing the durability of concrete structures and also the rehabilitation of concrete structures is a major challenge for all actors of the concrete construction field. An experimental program is conducted to get a complete characterization of the mechanical, chemical and physical properties of four concretes and their performances towards the main aggressive environment for the reinforcement corrosion. The evaluated durability properties are chloride migration, porosity, water absorption and carbonation. Moreover, for each concrete, some reinforced specimens are manufactured to measure the electrochemical properties of the reinforcement such as potential. The project achievements are used to optimize and improve the durability model SDReaM-crete developed by Cerib and LMDC. This model can simulate the migration of chlorides, the combination of this migration with the mechanism of carbonation and the corrosion of reinforcing bars according to wetting-drying cycles. Finally, the present work aims to optimize the sizing of the cover thickness for new structures and to facilitate the lifespan prediction for existing structures. This paper describes the model SDReaM-crete and its recent improvements. Some experimental results and some interpretations as well as simulations made with SDReaM-crete are also presented

Propriétés des bétons de granulats recyclés

GC'2015, Paris, FRANCE, 18-/03/2015 - 19/03/2015L'utilisation de granulats recyclés (GR) provenant de la déconstruction dans de nouvelles structures en béton peut permettre de valoriser ces déchets. En France, le projet national RECYBETON impliquant 43 partenaires pour un budget de 4,8 M d'euros et le projet ANR ECOREB s'intéressent à lever les verrous technologiques concernant ce type de granulat afin de mieux maitriser leur utilisation et de les introduire encore d'avantage dans le contexte normatif. Plusieurs travaux ont été réalisés pour étudier l'utilisation des GR en remplacement partiel ou total des granulats naturels (GN) dans la fabrication de nouveaux bétons [1,2]. La faible densité et le taux d'absorption d'eau élevé des GR sont les facteurs influençant le plus les propriétés des bétons de GR. De nombreux auteurs attribuent ces différences aux propriétés du mortier d'origine contenu dans les granulats recyclés [3,4]. D'autres études montrent que le béton à base de GR grossiers découlant du recyclage peut avoir des propriétés mécaniques similaires à celles des bétons classiques [5]. Cet article propose une nouvelle approche permettant d'améliorer les propriétés des bétons de GR (la résistance à la compression, la porosité, la diffusion des chlorures et la perméabilité au gaz), en optimisant la formulation des bétons (le rapport E/L et la quantité de superplastifiant)

Durabilité des structures en béton incorporant des granulats recyclés

Conférence Internationale Francophone NoMaD, Nouveaux Matériaux et Durabilité, Douai, FRANCE, 05-/11/2015 - 06/11/2015De nos jours, le développement durable occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans la société. Deuxième matériau le plus consommé dans le monde après l'eau, le béton fait l'objet de nombreuses études destinées à valoriser sa réutilisation lors de la fin de vie des constructions. En ce sens, le projet national français RECYBETON et le projet ANR ECOREB associé visent à lever les verrous techniques concernant la réutilisation de béton issu de la déconstruction sous forme de granulat. Un des objectifs du projet ANR ECOREB consiste à évaluer l'influence des granulats issus du recyclage sur les propriétés de durabilité des bétons liées aux risques de corrosion des armatures. Les précédents travaux réalisés sur le sujet ont mis en évidence que les granulats issus de béton concassé sont généralement plus poreux que les granulats traditionnels et conduisent à une diminution des propriétés de durabilité. Les travaux présentés dans cet article portent sur la résistance des bétons incorporant des granulats recyclés à la carbonatation et à la migration des chlorures. Des analyses comparatives ont été menées sur trois familles de bétons de différentes classes de résistance : C25/30, C35/45 et C45/55. Pour chacune des familles, trois bétons ont été réalisés : deux avec des granulats recyclés, un troisième comportant des granulats traditionnels (référence). Pour chaque famille de béton, deux types de cure ont été étudiés : une cure humide (conservation 90 jours dans l'eau) et une cure "sèche" (conservation 3 jours dans l'eau puis 87 jours à 20 °C et 60 % d'humidité relative). Des essais accélérés de carbonatation et de migration des ions chlorure sous champs électrique en régime transitoire ont été réalisés sur ces bétons