Perhitungan Subsidi Pupuk 2004 Berdasarkan Alternatif Perhitungan Subsidi Atas Biaya Distribusi

Economic crisis was decreasing farmer income. At the end, its would be difficult for thefertilizer producers to stabilized production for domestic supply. For stabilizing fertilizerproduction and price, it is necessary to government to subsidized fertilizer. This objective of thisassessment was calculated the fertilizer subsidy through the distribution cost subsidy calculationmethod for 2004 compare to government fertilizer subsidy budget for 2004, Rap. 1.3 trillion. Theresult showed in 2004 the government had to budgeted about Rp. 1.64 trillion for fertilizersubsidy. In the other calculation using 2004 distribution cost and fee for distributor, the fertilizersubsidy increased to Rp. 1.875 trillion. This calculation bigger than the government fertilizersubsidy budget for 2004. It is necessary to reallocate the government budget for fertilizer subsidyand stabilized exchange rate for stabilizing fertilizer production and price at farmer level

Peranan Luas Lahan, Intensitas Pertanaman Dan Produktivitas Sebagai Sumber Pertumbuhan Padi Sawah Di Indonesia 1980–2001

EnglishStatistical data show that wetland rice production increases over time but its growth rate tends to decline. Decreased growth rate of wetland rice production is due to decreases in harvested area and productivity. This paper aims at describing growth rates of harvested area, productivity and production of wetland rice in Indonesia and their sources of growth during the period of 1980-2001. Analysis method of this study is Total Factor Productivity using Tornqvist-Theil index. The results show that cropping intensity as the national source of growth plays important role with its growth rate increased from 0.05 percent for the period of 1990-1994 to 3.17 percent for the period of 1995-1998. On the other hand, harvested area and productivity had negative growth rates and mainly for the period of 1995-2001 their growth rates were negative. TFP index shows that fluctuating total factor production has no significant effect on growth rate of production. The TFP index shows productivity leveling-off. It is necessary to enhance rice production through agricultural technology research and development, controlled agricultural land conversion, and infrastructure development.IndonesianStatistik menunjukkan bahwa produksi padi sawah meningkat setiap tahunnya, namun laju pertumbuhan produksinya cenderung menurun. Penurunan laju pertumbuhan produksi padi sawah ini disebabkan oleh penurunan laju pertumbuhan luas panen dan produktivitas. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk menyajikan gambaran pertumbuhan luas panen, produktivitas dan produksi padi sawah di Indonesia dan sumber pertumbuhannya selama periode 1980-2001. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah Produktivitas Total Faktor Produksi dengan indekss Tornqvist-Theil. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sebagai sumber pertumbuhan pada tingkat nasional, intensitas pertanaman memiliki peranan penting dengan peningkatan laju pertumbuhan dari 0,05 persen per tahun selama 1990-1994 menjadi 3,17 persen selama 1995-1998. Sementara itu luas lahan dan produktivitas mengalami laju pertumbuhan yang cenderung menurun, bahkan pada periode 1995-2001 telah mengalami pertumbuhan negatif. Indeks TFP menunjukkan bahwa fluktuasi penggunaan total faktor produksi tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap laju pertumbuhan produksi. Hal ini mengindikasikan terjadinya levelling off produktivitas. Oleh karena itu diperlukan strategi kebijakan peningkatan produksi melalui pengembangan riset teknologi pertanian, pengendalian konversi lahan ke nonpertanian dan pengembangan infrastruktur

The Features of Vegetables in Indonesia and the Current Policy in the Framework of Agricultural Development

Vegetables are grown throughoutIndonesia, especially on high altitude areas. Indonesians traditionally consume vegetables for their daily food. The objectives of this paper are (1) to describe status and characteristics of agriculture and vegetables inIndonesiaand (2) to illustrate current policy in the framework of agricultural development. The results showed that during the period of 1998 – 2005 the trend of vegetable tended to decline in harvested area and stagnant in production. On the other hand, vegetable consumption inIndonesiais very small. Budget allocation for vegetable increased from 8.96 percent of total food expenditure in 1996 to 9.91 percent in 2002. During the same period, vegetable import value fluctuated. However, the share of vegetable export value showed a constant performance, especially during 1999 – 2003 period, namely 0.09 – 0.11 percent. Entering global market, increasing strategies currently implemented in developing horticulture products are aimed at increasing production, yields, and improving quality through efficient farm management to produce competitive products

Analisis Kendala Penawaran Dan Kebijakan Revitalisasi Produksi Padi

EnglishDecreasing and decelerating production capacity of paddy have caused decreasing of estate capacity in food supply. This paper aims at describing production overview, problems and policy options to increase paddy production. Analysis methods uses in this study are cross tabulation and econometric model for projection. The results show that decreasing of paddy production growth rate was affected by: (a) decreasing of paddy's planted/harvested? area, especially in Java and (b) stagnation or decreasing of land productivity. Based on historical tendency, and when the revitalization program of national rice industry is not effective, projection result shows that rice production will have negative growth rate during the period of 2006-2010 and import will increase during the same period. Government policy to increase production capacity in rice industry should be oriented to shift from price policy to focus on increasing capacity of production, i.e., (a) rehabilitation and extensification in irrigation infrastructure, (b) expansion of new land for paddy, and (c) acceleration of technology innovation, including revitalization of research and development and dissemination of agriculture innovation system along with deregulation and creation of conducive environment for private investors.IndonesianPenurunan dan deselarasi kapasitas produksi padi telah menyebabkan kemampuan negara dalam menyediakan pangan menurun. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan dinamika produksi, masalah dan kendala, serta opsi kebijakan peningkatan produksi padi. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah tabulasi silang dan model ekonometrika untuk menduga fungsi penawaran. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kecenderungan penurunan laju pertumbuhan produksi padi adalah akibat dari kombinasi: (a) penurunan luas baku lahan sawah, khususnya di Jawa, dan (b) kemandekan, bahkan penurunan produktivitas lahan. Berdasarkan kecenderungan historis dan bila program revitalisasi industri perberasan nasional tidak efektif, diperkirakan produksi beras akan mengalami pertumbuhan negatif pada periode tahun 2006-2010 dan Indonesia akan terpaksa mengimpor beras dalam jumlah yang semakin besar. Kebijakan pemerintah dalam meningkatan kapasitas produksi industri perberasan nasional harus diorientasikan dari fokus kebijakan harga ke peningkatan kapasitas produksi, melalui: (a) rehabilitasi dan ekstensifikasi infrastruktur irigasi; (b) pembukaan lahan sawah baru; dan (c) memacu inovasi teknologi, termasuk revitalisasi sistem penelitian dan pengembangan pertanian serta sistem diseminasi inovasi pertanian dengan deregulasi dan penciptaan iklim kondusif bagi investor swasta

Produksi dan Pemasaran Komoditas Broiler di Jawa Barat

Pengembangan komoditas broiler dapat menjadi basis pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pemerataan kesempatan kerja jika dikelola dengan baik. Paling tidak terdapat tiga pola USAha ternak broiler yakni USAha ternak mandiri, kemitraan USAha internal dan kemitraan USAha eksternal. Tujuan penelitian adalah (1) mmenganalisis kinerja USAha ternak broiler; (2) menganalisis struktur pasar komoditas broiler; (3) menganalisis margin tataniaga komoditas broiler; dan (4) menganalisis integrasi pasar komoditas broiler. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei dengan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan analisis kelayakan USAha ternak, R/C ratio, marjin tataniaga dan analisis integrasi pasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) USAha ternak broiler pada berbagai pola USAha masih tetap menguntungkan dan memiliki efektivitas pengembalian modal pada level moderat; (2) peternak baik mandiri maupun peternak plasma menghadapi struktur pasar yang oligopsonistik dan pedagang pengepul/broker menghadapi struktur pasar yang oligopolistik dalam berhadapan dengan Perusahaan inti melalui harga Posko; (3) pedagang pengecer menerima rata-rata margin keuntungan terbesar per unit output, sedangkan pedagang besar antar wilayah menerima margin total terbesar karena omzet penjualan yang besar; dan (4) pasar komoditas broiler tidak terintegrasi, secara relatif peternak ke pedagang besar tidak terintegrasi dan pedagang besar ke pedagang pengecer secara relatif lebih terintegrasi. Secara ringkas dapat disimpulkan bahwa USAha ternak broiler pada berbagai pola USAha menguntungkan dan sistem pemasaran yang belum efisien

Estimasi Incremental Capital Output Ratio (Icor) Untuk Perencanaan Investasi Dalam Rangka Pembangunan Sektor Pertanian

EnglishAchievement of the targeted growth of agricultural GDP needs sufficient amounts of investment. The required amounts of investment can be correctly determined when the values of ICOR (Incremental Capital Output Ratio) have been known. This study aims at: (1) To estimate the values of agricultural ICOR emplyoing Leontief's Input-Output approach; (2) To simulate the requirement of agricultural investment to achieve the targeted growth of agricultural GDP by 2010-2014; and (3) To identify factors encouraging or discouraging agricultural investment. This research used Input-Output data from BPS and survei data in 2011 in West Java, East Java, Riau, and South Sulawesi Provinces. The results show that: (1) The values of ICOR < 1, meaning that agricultural investments are efficient; (2) The values of ICOR in the 1995-2008 period were declining suggesting that agricultural investments are increasingly efficient; (3) The values of ICOR decline as processing and consumption activities are considered; (4) To reach the targeted growth of agricultural GDP of 3,75 percent by 2014, the required amout of invesment is Rp 80.1 trillions; and (5) Factors enhancing agricultural investment are good output prospect and profitability, availability of accessible formal capital sources, as well as conducive government policies, while factors hampering investment are huge capital requirement for the initial investment stage, unstable prices of some commodities, and the limited land area for expansion. Some suggestions of this research are: (1) agricultural investment promotion encompassing on-farm and processing industries; (2) simpler, rapid and cheap investment processes; (3) increasing public budgets for development/rehabilitation of agricultural infrastructure; and (4) providing supports for farmers with subsidized credits such as KKP-E, KKP-NR and KUPS. IndonesianUntuk mencapai target laju pertumbuhan PDB Sektor Pertanian diperlukan investasi yang memadai di sektor yang bersangkutan. Jumlah kebutuhan investasi dapat ditetapkan secara lebih akurat bila nilai ICOR (Incremental Capital Output Ratio) telah diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) Mengestimasi nilai ICOR dengan pendekatan Input-Output dari Leontief; (2) Melakukan simulasi kebutuhan investasi pertanian untuk mencapai target laju pertumbuhan PDB Sektor Pertanian periode 2010-2014; dan (3) Mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor pendorong atau penghambat investasi pertanian. Penelitian menggunakan data Tabel Input-Output (I-O) Tahun 1995, 200, 2005 dan 2008 bersumber dari BPS dan data survei tahun 2011 di provinsi Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Riau dan Sulawesi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Nilai ICOR < 1, yang berarti investasi pertanian efisien; (2) Nilai ICOR selama 1995-2008 menurun yang berarti investasi pertanian makin efisien; (3) Nilai ICOR menurun jika investasi berlanjut hingga pengolahan hasil dan konsumsi; (4) Untuk mencapai target laju pertumbuhan PDB Sektor Pertanian 3,75 persen pada tahun 2014 diperlukan total nilai investasi sebesar Rp 80,1 triliun; dan (5) Faktor-faktor pendorong investasi antara lain adalah prospek pasar output dan keuntungan USAha yang baik, tersedianya modal yang dapat diakses, dan dukungan kebijakan yang kondusif, sementara faktor-faktor penghambat adalah kebutuhan modal yang sangat besar pada awal investasi, harga output beberapa komoditas yang tidak stabil dan ketersediaan lahan yang makin terbatas. Saran: (1) Promosi investasi pertanian yang mencakup on-farm dan pengolahan hasil; (2) Fasilitasi berupa proses perijinan yang lebih sederhana, cepat dan tidak mahal; (3) Peningkatan anggaran pembangunan/rehablitiasi infrastruktur pertanian; dan (4) Dukungan kepada petani, pekebun, dan peternak berupa kredit-kredit program seperti KKPE, KKP-NR dan KUPS, dengan persyaratan yang lebih ringan

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London