Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Quality of life of children and adolescents with cancer: revision of studies literature that used the pediatric quality of life inventory™

Objective. To assess the quality of life of children and adolescentswith cancer of studies that applied the Pediatric Quality of LifeInventory 3.0 Cancer Module. Methodology. The study wascarried out on the basis of data Scopus Web of Science, BIREME,EBSCO host and Psychoinfo of articles in Spanish, English andPortuguese, and published from 1998 to 2013 that used thePediatric Quality of life Inventory 3.0 Cancer Module. Results.21 articles were selected, of which 47.6% were carried out inAmerica, and 61.9% of editions comprehended from 2011 to2013. The scores variation by dimensions and in general wasprobably related for the selection of comparison groups, as thediversity of inclusion criteria and variants may be observed forthe analysis in each study. The existence of a standard dimensioncould not be verified either for children´s /adolescents reports orfor parents. Conclusion. It is concluded that the scores averagesby dimensions in general have not achieved values below 30 andthe largest scores by dimension are above 80. It is suggested thatthe treatment anxiety dimension in children´s and adolescents´sreports may have obtained the largest scores within each study,that is lesser than the difficulty of the children and adolescentsin face of the treatment and cancer. Nursing becomes a constantpresence in the life of children and adolescents with cancer and itmay provide a better quality of life for developing nursing activitiesand the team may demistify, clarify and help in all phases of theillness and treatment.Key words: quality of life; child; adolescent; questionnaire; review.Objetivo. Avaliar a qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes com câncer de estudos que aplicaram o Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 Cancer Module. Metodologia. Realizou-se a busca nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science, BIREME, EBSCO host y PsycoInfo de artigos em espanhol, inglês e português e publicados entre 1998 a 2013 que utilizararam Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 Cancer Module. Resultados. Selecionou-se 21 artigos, dos quais 47,6% foram realizados na América e 61,9% das publicações estavam compreendidas entre os anos de 2011 a 2013. A variação dos escores por dimensões e o geral provavelmente esteve relacionada com a seleção dos grupos de comparação pois, pode-se perceber a diversidade dos critérios de inclusão e das variáveis para a análise em cada estudo. Não se pode verificar a existência de um padrão de uma dimensão apresentar sempre a menor ou o maior escore em relação as outras dimensões nem para o relato das crianças/adolescentes nem o relato dos parentes. Conclusão. Conclui-se que as médias dos escores por dimensões e o geral não alcançaram valores abaixo de 30 e os maiores escores por dimensões estão acima de 80. A enfermagem que se torna presença constante na vida das crianças e adolescentes com câncer pode proporcionar uma melhor qualidade de vida; pois, ao desenvolver as atividades de enfermagem, a equipe pode desmistificar, esclarecer e auxiliar no enfrentamento de todas as fases do processo do adoecimento e do tratamentoObjetivo. Evaluar la calidad de vida de los niños y adolescentes a quienes se aplicó la escala Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 Cancer Module. Metodología. Se hizo búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, BIREME, EBSCO host y PsycoInfo de los artículos en español, inglés o portugués publicados entre 1998 a 2013 que utilizaron la escala. Resultados. Se seleccionaron 21 artículos, de los cuales el 47.6% se realizó en América y un 61.9% se publicó en el período 2011-2013. El rango de puntuaciones para las dimensiones, en general, fue probablemente relacionado con la selección de los grupos de comparación porque se pueden observar la diversidad de los criterios de inclusión y variables para el análisis en cada estudio. No se puede comprobar la existencia de un patrón de una dimensión presente en las puntuaciones más pequeñas o más grandes en relación a otras dimensiones en la información de los niños / adolescentes o en la de los familiares. Conclusión. De lo anterior se desprende que las puntuaciones medias de las dimensiones globales no llegaron a valores por debajo de 30, y mayores puntuaciones por dimensiones están por encima de 80. La enfermera, quien se convierte en presencia constante en la vida de niños y adolescentes con cáncer, puede proporcionar una mejor calidad de vida. Por lo tanto, el desarrollo de las actividades de enfermería y del el equipo puede llevar a desmitificar, clarificar y ayudar a abordar todas las fases del proceso de la enfermedad y del tratamient

Autonomía de la enfermera que asiste el parto normal en Brasil Autonomia da enfermeira que assiste ao parto normal no Brasil Nurse’s autonomy in the delevery of normal births in Brazil

Objetivo: Identificar los factores que interfieren con la autonomía de la enfermera en la asistencia al parto normal. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa, estudio exploratorio con 9 enfermeras de |4 centros obstétricos de maternidades públicas de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, entre abril y mayo de 2002, con utilización de entrevistas grabadas. Resultados: La autonomía de la enfermera en la asistencia al parto normal está influenciada por el poder médico y su propia sumisión, por el desconocimiento sobre el respaldo legal que asegura la actuación del enfermero en esta área del cuidado, por la deficiencia de conocimiento técnico-científico para el manejo del parto y por la sobrecarga en el trabajo cotidiano, que provoca una respuesta de dependencia e inseguridad profesional. Conclusión: Es necesaria la movilización y la unión de esfuerzos de esta categoría para la construcción de su base de autonomía, basada fundamentalmente en la competencia y en la definición de roles.Objetivo: Identificar os fatores que interferem com a autonomia da enfermeira na assistência ao parto normal. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, exploratório, realizado com 9 enfermeiras de 4 centros obstétricos de maternidades públicas de São Luís - Maranhão, Brasil, de abril a maio de 2002, com utilização de entrevista gravada. Resultados: A autonomia da enfermeira na assistência ao parto normal é influenciada pelo poder médico e submissão da enfermeira, pelo desconhecimento sobre o respaldo legal que assegura ao enfermeiro atuar nessa área do cuidado, pela deficiência de conhecimento técnico-científico para o manejo do parto e pelo ativismo no cotidiano de trabalho, que provocam uma resposta de dependência e insegurança profissional. Conclusão: É necessária a mobilização e união de esforços dessa categoria para construção de sua base de autonomia, ancorada, fundamentalmente, na competência e na definição de papéis.Objective: To identify factors which interfere on nurse’s autonomy in normal delivery assistance. Methodology: Qualitative and exploratory study, carried through with 9 nurses of 4 obstetric center of public maternities in São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil, from April to May of 2002, through recorded interview. Results: Nurse’s autonomy in normal delivery assistance is influenced by physician’s power and nurse’s submission, by the lack of acquaintance to legal support which assures to the nurse to perform this care taking matter, by the weak technical- scientific knowledge to deal with deliveries and by daily work activism, which motivate a recall of dependence and professional lack of confidence. Conclusion: It is necessary that this category has itself mobilized and gather efforts to raise its autonomy basis, primarily supported by competence and determination of roles

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified