Trichoderma harzianum no Desenvolvimento e na Proteção de Mudas contra a Fusariose do Tomateiro

The fusarial wilt of the tomato is a disease difficult of being controland it is looked for in the biocontrole an alternative. The objectiv of thework went to verify the action isolates of T. harzianum in the developmentand in the protection of seedlings against the fusarial wilt of the tomato.Treatments of seeds with three isolates and mix of T. harzianum being usedto evaluate germination, emergency and development of seedlings. Two forms of the biocontrole agents application were used, through seed andsubstratum, and for the seeds they were also accomplished biological andchemical treatments, for the evaluation of the incidence and severity of thefusarial wilt. It was observed that the isolates of Trichoderma did notpromote the germination and emergency of the tomato. In this treatmentsof seeds and substratum, the smallest incidence percentages were found bytreatment HTSR5 + Rhodiauram and the rate of 0,5 g of powder (HTSR5).A fusariose do tomateiro é uma doença difícil de ser controlada ebusca-se no biocontrole uma alternativa. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificara ação de isolados de Trichoderma harzianum no desenvolvimento e naproteção de mudas contra a fusariose do tomateiro. Foi utilizado tratamentode sementes com três isolados e um mix de T. harzianum, para avaliargerminação, emergência e desenvolvimento de mudas. Para o controleda fusariose foram utilizadas duas formas de aplicação dos agentes debiocontrole, via semente e substrato, sendo que para as sementes foramrealizados, também, tratamentos biológico e químico. Observou-se que osisolados de T. harzianum não promoveram a germinação e emergência dotomateiro. Para os tratamentos de semente ou substrato, as menores incidênciasforam encontradas no tratamento Rhodiauram + HTSR5 e a dosede 0,5g de pó (HTSR5), respectivamente

Variabilidade genética na região its do rDNA de isolados de trichoderma spp. (Biocontrolador) e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Chrysanthemi Genetic variability in rDNA ITS region of Trichoderma spp. (biocontrole agent) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi isolates

A análise de características morfológicas e culturais podem não ser suficientes para uma caracterização precisa das espécies de Trichoderma e Fusarium. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, caracterizar a região do Espaço Interno Transcrito (ITS) do rDNA dos isolados UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16 e UFSMT17 de Trichoderma spp. utilizados no biocontrole de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi (isolado) UFSMF6. A extração de DNA de cada isolado foi realizada a partir de micélio produzido em meio líquido Batata-Dextrose. As amostras de DNA genômico foram submetidas à Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) com os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores universais ITS1 e ITS4 e o produto gerado foi sequenciado. Os fragmentos gerados pela amplificação da PCR foram tratados com as enzimas de restrição HaeIII, HinfI e MboI. As regiões ITS1, ITS2 e 5.8S do rDNA desses isolados fúngicos foram amplificadas com sucesso. A região ITS dos isolados UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16 e UFSMT17 de Trichoderma e o isolado UFSMF6 de Fusarium apresentaram uma banda simples com um fragmento de aproximadamente 600 pares de base (pb). As enzimas de restrição HaeIII, HinfI e MboI geraram polimorfismo de bandas entre os isolados. Com base nas análises da sequência de DNA, os isolados UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16, UFSMT17 e UFSMF6 apresentaram maior similaridade com as espécies Trichoderma koningiopsis, Hypocrea virens, Hypocrea lixii e Fusarium oxysporum, respectivamente.The analysis of morphological and cultural characteristics may not enough for the characterization of the species of Trichoderma and Fusarium. The aim of this work was to characterize the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA of UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16 and UFSMT17 isolates of Trichoderma spp. used in the biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi UFSMF6. DNA extraction of each isolate was accomplished starting from hyphae produced in liquid medium Potato-Dextrose-Agar. The samples of genomic DNA were submitted to the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with the primers ITS1 and ITS4, and the product was sequenced. The fragments generated from PCR amplification were digested with the restriction enzymes HaeIII, HinfI and MboI. The ITS region of the Trichoderma's isolates UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16 and UFSMT17 and the Fusarium UFSMF6 isolate showed a simple band with a fragment with 600 base pairs (bp) approximately. The restriction enzymes HaeIII, HinfI and MboI generated band polymorphism among the isolates. The isolates UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16, UFSMT17 and UFSMF6 showed high similarity whit Trichoderma koningiopsis, Hypocrea virens, Hypocrea lixii and Fusarium oxysporum species, respectively

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved