Case categories of some base verbs of Shisa and of some of their verbal extentions.

For this analysis, the area of research was the verbal extensions of Shisa, a dialect of the Baluyia in Western Kenya. The hypothesis was two-fold; (1) There is operative a complete set of case functions in Shisa, a language having no surface case inflections, and (2) a semantic/surface-syntactic description which included the category of case would be adequate for providing the grammatical context for lexical entries. Sixty-one base verbs, as they occur in uniclause, initiating sentences (sentences which initiate conversation), were collected from informants and examined at seven levels of classification (which included number, kinds, and behavior of NP's with which a verb could be associated, plus the semantic features of animacy, inanimacy, number, and so on). The verbal extensions were then investigated according to pertinent criteria. The result; Four major types of contrastive clauses were identified; Descriptive, Agentive, Entailing, Stative, in all of which occur--co-existently--varying types of syntactic patterns and numerous semantic classifications of verbs (i.e. verbs associated with animate/inanimate, singular/plural, and so on, NP's). Altogether a set of eighteen case and ten compound-case functions operative within Shisa were identified. The grammatical component of each syntactic pattern was summarized in schematic form, and a set of symbols was arranged, providing for the indication of the grammatical context for each lexical entry. This thesis has made these contributions: (1) Fifteen verbal extensions were identified (only six were treated of in this analysis). (2) A set of eighteen case and ten compound-case functions was identified, (3) A means of identifying these case functions through observance of semantic and surface syntactic behavior, rather than by deep structure, was provided. (4) A degree of grammatical analysis adequate for the lexical entries of Shisa verbs and their extensions was attained. (5) It has provided a set of symbols for indicating the grammatical context of each lexical verb entry

An experimental model of episodic gas release through fracture of fluid confined within a pressurized elastic reservoir

We present new experiments that identify a mechanism for episodic release of gas from a pressurized, deformable reservoir confined by a clay seal, as a result of the transition from bulk deformation to channel growth through the clay. Air is injected into the center of a thin cylindrical cell initially filled with a mixture of bentonite clay and water. For sufficiently dry mixtures, the pressure initially increases with little volume change. On reaching the yield stress of the clay‐water mixture, the lid of the cell then deforms elastically and an air‐filled void forms in the center of the cell as the clay is driven radially outward. With continued supply of air, the pressure continues to increase until reaching the fracture strength of the clay. A fracture‐like channel then forms and migrates to the outer edge of the cell, enabling the air to escape. The pressure then falls, and the clay flows back toward the center of the cell and seals the channel so the cycle can repeat. The phenomena may be relevant at mud volcanoes

Valuing improvements in the water rights system in South Africa : a contingent ranking approach

In the context of increasing water scarcity, understanding is growing that irrigation water rights are important and that a lack of effective water rights systems constitute a major reason for inefficient water management. This study carried out a contingent ranking experiment to study how smallholder irrigators in South Africa would value potential changes in water rights. Three specific dimensions of water rights, relevant for the South African case, are considered: duration, quality of title and transferability. Results indicate that smallholder irrigators are prepared to pay considerably higher water prices if improvements are made in the water rights system. This implies that the proposed interventions in the water rights system would improve the efficiency and productivity of the small-scale irrigation sector. The increased willingness to pay could furthermore also assist South African government to reach the objective of increased cost recovery

Evaluation of Sexual Communication Message Strategies

Parent-child communication about sex is an important proximal reproductive health outcome. But while campaigns to promote it such as the Parents Speak Up National Campaign (PSUNC) have been effective, little is known about how messages influence parental cognitions and behavior. This study examines which message features explain responses to sexual communication messages

Evaluation of Sexual Communication Message Strategies

Parent-child communication about sex is an important proximal reproductive health outcome. But while campaigns to promote it such as the Parents Speak Up National Campaign (PSUNC) have been effective, little is known about how messages influence parental cognitions and behavior. This study examines which message features explain responses to sexual communication messages

Reactor physics project progress report

Statement of responsibility on title page reads: Editors: M.J. Driscoll and T.J. Thompson; Contributors: F.M. Clikeman, J.N. Donohew, M.J. Driscoll, J.D. Eckard, T.L. Harper, Y. Hukai, I. Kaplan, C.H. Kim, Y.-M. Lefevre, T.C. Leung, N.R. Ortiz, N.C. Rasmussen, C.S. Rim, S.S. Seth, A.T. Supple C. Takahata, and T.J. Thompson"MIT-3944-1."Progress report; September 30, 1968U.S. Atomic Energy Commission contract AT(30-1)-394

Fish-borne trematodosis: Potential risk of infection by Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa (Heterophyidae)

AbstractOwing to the veterinary and medical importance of heterophyid trematodes, a survey on Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa in different organs of mullets Mugil liza from Rio de Janeiro was undertaken. The prevalence of metacercariae varied greatly between different organs of the mullets: spleen (100%), heart (98%), intestine wall (97%), liver (97%), muscle (87%), stomach wall (77%), brain (47%), gonads (30%) and gall bladder (30%). The high level of the intensity of the infection in relation to different fish organs was confirmed in two experimental infections performed during the spring/summer and autumn/winter seasons when 258 and 47 adult parasites were recovered from hamsters fed only with small pieces of muscle tissue. The potential risk of infection was considered to be high in view of the high prevalence and intensity of A. (P.) longa in the muscles of mullets throughout the year. Additionally new confocal imaging of metacercariae and adults experimentally obtained, enabled for the first time the description of a short genital atrium formed by the union of uterus and ejaculatory duct

Frequency Characteristics of Visually Induced Motion Sickness

This article was published in the journal, Human Factors [Sage Publications / © Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720812469046Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the frequency response of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) for oscillating linear motion in the foreand- aft axis. Background: Simulators, virtual environments, and commercially available video games that create an illusion of self-motion are often reported to induce the symptoms seen in response to true motion. Often this human response can be the limiting factor in the acceptability and usability of such systems. Whereas motion sickness in physically moving environments is known to peak at an oscillation frequency around 0.2 Hz, it has recently been suggested that VIMS peaks at around 0.06 Hz following the proposal that the summed response of the visual and vestibular selfmotion systems is maximized at this frequency. Methods: We exposed 24 participants to random dot optical flow patterns simulating oscillating foreand- aft motion within the frequency range of 0.025 to 1.6 Hz. Before and after each 20-min exposure, VIMS was assessed with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Also, a standard motion sickness scale was used to rate symptoms at 1-min intervals during each trial. Results: VIMS peaked between 0.2 and 0.4 Hz with a reducing effect at lower and higher frequencies. Conclusion: The numerical prediction of the “crossover frequency” hypothesis, and the design guidance curve previously proposed, cannot be accepted when the symptoms are purely visually induced. Application: In conditions in which stationary observers are exposed to optical flow that simulates oscillating fore-and-aft motion, frequencies around 0.2 to 0.4 Hz should be avoided