41 research outputs found
Advancing experimentation-as-a-service through urban IoT experiments
Smart cities are becoming a vibrant application domain for a number of science fields. As such, service providers and stakeholders are beginning to integrate co-creation aspects into current implementations to shape the future smart city solutions. In this context, holistic solutions are required to test such aspects in real city-scale Internet of Things (IoT) deployments, considering the complex city ecosystems. In this paper, we discuss OrganiCity's implementation of an experimentation-as-a-service (EaaS) framework, presenting a toolset that allows developing, deploying, and evaluating smart city solutions in a one-stop shop manner. This is the first time such an integrated toolset is offered in the context of a large-scale IoT infrastructure, which spans across multiple European cities. We discuss the design and implementation of the toolset, presenting our view on what EaaS should provide, and how it is implemented. We present initial feedback from 25 experimenter teams that have utilized this toolset in the OrganiCity project, along with a discussion on two detailed actual use cases to validate our approach. Learnings from all experiments are discussed as well as architectural considerations for platform scaling. Our feedback from experimenters indicates that EaaS is a viable and useful approach.The authors would like to thank the experimenter teams and volunteers who participated in OrganiCit
The Carnegie Supernova Project: Analysis of the First Sample of Low-Redshift Type-Ia Supernovae
We present the analysis of the first set of low-redshift Type Ia supernovae
(SNe Ia) by the Carnegie Supernova Project. Well-sampled, high-precision
optical (ugriBV) and near-infrared (NIR; YJHKs) light curves obtained in a
well-understood photometric system are used to provide light-curve parameters,
and ugriBVYJH template light curves. The intrinsic colors at maximum light are
calibrated to compute optical--NIR color excesses for the full sample, thus
allowing the properties of the reddening law in the host galaxies to be
studied. A low value of Rv~1.7, is derived when using the entire sample of SNe.
However, when the two highly reddened SNe in the sample are excluded, a value
Galactic standard of Rv~3.2 is obtained. The colors of these two events are
well matched by a reddening model due to circumstellar dust. The peak
luminosities are calibrated using a two-parameter linear fit to the decline
rates and the colors, or alternatively, the color excesses. In both cases,
dispersions in absolute magnitude of 0.12--0.16 mag are obtained, depending on
the filter-color combination. In contrast to the results obtained from color
excesses, these fits give Rv~1--2, even when the two highly reddened SNe are
excluded. This discrepancy suggests that, beyond the "normal" interstellar
reddening produced in the host galaxies, there is an intrinsic dispersion in
the colors of SNe Ia which is correlated with luminosity but independent of the
decline rate. Finally, a Hubble diagram is produced by combining the results of
the fits for each filter. The resulting scatter of 0.12 mag appears to be
limited by peculiar velocities as evidenced by the strong correlation between
the distance-modulus residuals among the different filters. The implication is
that the actual precision of SN Ia distances is 3--4%.Comment: 76 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in A
The Carnegie Supernova Project. I. Third Photometry Data Release of Low-redshift Type Ia Supernovae and Other White Dwarf Explosions
We present final natural-system optical (ugriBV) and near-infrared (YJH) photometry of 134 supernovae (SNe) with probable white dwarf progenitors that were observed in 2004-2009 as part of the first stage of the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP-I). The sample consists of 123 Type Ia SNe, 5 Type Iax SNe, 2 super-Chandrasekhar SN candidates, 2 Type Ia SNe interacting with circumstellar matter, and 2 SN 2006bt-like events. The redshifts of the objects range from to 0.0835; the median redshift is 0.0241. For 120 (90%) of these SNe, near-infrared photometry was obtained. Average optical extinction coefficients and color terms are derived and demonstrated to be stable during the five CSP-I observing campaigns. Measurements of the CSP-I near-infrared bandpasses are also described, and near-infrared color terms are estimated through synthetic photometry of stellar atmosphere models. Optical and near-infrared magnitudes of local sequences of tertiary standard stars for each supernova are given, and a new calibration of Y-band magnitudes of the Persson et al. standards in the CSP-I natural system is presented.Fil: Krisciunas, Kevin. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Contreras, Carlos. University Aarhus; Dinamarca. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Burns, Christopher R.. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Phillips, M. M.. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Stritzinger, Maximilian D.. Las Campanas Observatory; Chile. University Aarhus; DinamarcaFil: Morrell, Nidia Irene. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Hamuy, Mario. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Anais, Jorge. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Boldt, Luis. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Busta, Luis. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Campillay, Abdo. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Castellón, Sergio. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Folatelli, Gaston. Las Campanas Observatory; Chile. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; ArgentinaFil: Freedman, Wendy L.. University of Chicago; Estados UnidosFil: González, Consuelo. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Hsiao, Eric Y.. Florida State University; Estados Unidos. University Aarhus; Dinamarca. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Krzeminski, Wojtek. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Persson, Sven Eric. Carnegie Observatories;Fil: Roth, Miguel. Gmto Corporation; Chile. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Salgado, Francisco. Leiden Observatory Research Institute; . Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Serón, Jacqueline. Las Campanas Observatory; Chile. Cerro Tololo Inter American Observatory; ChileFil: Suntzeff, Nicholas B.. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Torres, Simón. Soar Telescope; Chile. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Filippenko, Alexei V.. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Li, Weidong. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Madore, Barry F.. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute Of Technology; . Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: DePoy, D.L.. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Marshall, Jennifer L.. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Rheault, Jean Philippe. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Villanueva, Steven. Texas A&M University; Estados Unidos. Ohio State University; Estados Unido
A New Distance to The Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/39) Based on the Type Ia Supernova 2007sr
Traditionally, the distance to NGC 4038/39 has been derived from the systemic
recession velocity, yielding about 20 Mpc for H_0 = 72 km/s/Mpc. Recently, this
widely adopted distance has been challenged based on photometry of the presumed
tip of the red giant branch (TRGB), which seems to yield a shorter distance of
13.3+-1.0 Mpc and, with it, nearly 1 mag lower luminosities and smaller radii
for objects in this prototypical merger. Here we present a new distance
estimate based on observations of the Type Ia supernova (SN) 2007sr in the
southern tail, made at Las Campanas Observatory as part of the Carnegie
Supernova Project. The resulting distance of D(SN Ia) = 22.3+-2.8 Mpc [(m-M)_0
= 31.74+-0.27 mag] is in good agreement with a refined distance estimate based
on the recession velocity and the large-scale flow model developed by Tonry and
collaborators, D(flow) = 22.5+-2.8 Mpc. We point out three serious problems
that a short distance of 13.3 Mpc would entail, and trace the claimed short
distance to a likely misidentification of the TRGB. Reanalyzing Hubble Space
Telescope (HST) data in the Archive with an improved method, we find a TRGB
fainter by 0.9 mag and derive from it a preliminary new TRGB distance of
D(TRGB) = 20.0+-1.6 Mpc. Finally, assessing our three distance estimates we
recommend using a conservative, rounded value of D = 22+-3 Mpc as the best
currently available distance to The Antennae.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 1 table (emulateapj; uses amsmath package).
Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 136. Figs. 1 & 2
degraded to reduce file size
The Carnegie Supernova Project: First Photometry Data Release of Low-Redshift Type Ia Supernovae
The Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP) is a five-year survey being carried out
at the Las Campanas Observatory to obtain high-quality light curves of ~100
low-redshift Type Ia supernovae in a well-defined photometric system. Here we
present the first release of photometric data that contains the optical light
curves of 35 Type Ia supernovae, and near-infrared light curves for a subset of
25 events. The data comprise 5559 optical (ugriBV) and 1043 near-infrared
(YJHKs) data points in the natural system of the Swope telescope. Twenty-eight
supernovae have pre-maximum data, and for 15 of these, the observations begin
at least 5 days before B maximum. This is one of the most accurate datasets of
low-redshift Type Ia supernovae published to date. When completed, the CSP
dataset will constitute a fundamental reference for precise determinations of
cosmological parameters, and serve as a rich resource for comparison with
models of Type Ia supernovae.Comment: 93 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A
The Distance to NGC 1316 (Fornax A) From Observations of Four Type Ia Supernovae
The giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1316 (Fornax A) is a well-studied member of
the Fornax Cluster and a prolific producer of Type Ia supernovae, having hosted
four observed events since 1980. Here we present detailed optical and
near-infrared light curves of the spectroscopically normal SN 2006dd. These
data are used, along with previously published photometry of the normal SN
1980N and SN 1981D, and the fast-declining, low-luminosity SN 2006mr, to
compute independent estimates of the host reddening for each supernova, and the
distance to NGC 1316. From the three normal supernovae, we find a distance of
17.8 +/- 0.3 (random) +/- 0.3 (systematic) Mpc for Ho = 72. Distance moduli
derived from the "EBV" and Tripp methods give values that are mutually
consistent to 4 -- 8%. Moreover, the weighted means of the distance moduli for
these three SNe for three methods agree to within 3%. This consistency is
encouraging and supports the premise that Type Ia supernovae are reliable
distance indicators at the 5% precision level or better. On the other hand, the
two methods used to estimate the distance of the fast-declining SN 2006mr both
yield a distance to NGC 1316 which is 25-30% larger. This disparity casts doubt
on the suitability of fast-declining events for estimating extragalactic
distances. Modest-to-negligible host galaxy reddening values are derived for
all four supernovae. Nevertheless, two of them (SN 2006dd and SN 2006mr) show
strong NaID interstellar lines in the host galaxy system. The strength of this
absorption is completely inconsistent with the small reddening values derived
from the supernova light curves if the gas in NGC 1316 is typical of that found
in the interstellar medium of the Milky Way. In addition, the equivalent width
of the NaID lines in SN 2006dd appear to have weakened significantly some
100-150 days after explosion.Comment: 50 pages, 13 figures, 10 tables; constructive comments welcome.
Accepted for publication in A
THE CARNEGIE SUPERNOVA PROJECT: LIGHT-CURVE FITTING WITH SNooPy
In providing an independent measure of the expansion history of the Universe,
the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP) has observed 71 high-z Type Ia supernovae
(SNe Ia) in the near-infrared bands Y and J. These can be used to construct
rest-frame i-band light curves which, when compared to a low-z sample, yield
distance moduli that are less sensitive to extinction and/or decline-rate
corrections than in the optical. However, working with NIR observed and i-band
rest frame photometry presents unique challenges and has necessitated the
development of a new set of observational tools in order to reduce and analyze
both the low-z and high-z CSP sample. We present in this paper the methods used
to generate uBVgriYJH light-curve templates based on a sample of 24
high-quality low-z CSP SNe. We also present two methods for determining the
distances to the hosts of SN Ia events. A larger sample of 30 low-z SNe Ia in
the Hubble Flow are used to calibrate these methods. We then apply the method
and derive distances to seven galaxies that are so nearby that their motions
are not dominated by the Hubble flow.Comment: 58 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astronomical
Journa
SN 2009bb: a Peculiar Broad-Lined Type Ic Supernova
Ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared photometry and optical spectroscopy
of the broad-lined Type Ic supernova (SN) 2009bb are presented, following the
flux evolution from -10 to +285 days past B-band maximum. Thanks to the very
early discovery, it is possible to place tight constraints on the SN explosion
epoch. The expansion velocities measured from near maximum spectra are found to
be only slightly smaller than those measured from spectra of the prototype
broad-lined SN 1998bw associated with GRB 980425. Fitting an analytical model
to the pseudo-bolometric light curve of SN 2009bb suggests that 4.1+-1.9 Msun
of material was ejected with 0.22 +-0.06 Msun of it being 56Ni. The resulting
kinetic energy is 1.8+-0.7x10^52 erg. This, together with an absolute peak
magnitude of MB=-18.36+-0.44, places SN 2009bb on the energetic and luminous
end of the broad-lined Type Ic (SN Ic) sequence. Detection of helium in the
early time optical spectra accompanied with strong radio emission, and high
metallicity of its environment makes SN 2009bb a peculiar object. Similar to
the case for GRBs, we find that the bulk explosion parameters of SN 2009bb
cannot account for the copious energy coupled to relativistic ejecta, and
conclude that another energy reservoir (a central engine) is required to power
the radio emission. Nevertheless, the analysis of the SN 2009bb nebular
spectrum suggests that the failed GRB detection is not imputable to a large
angle between the line-of-sight and the GRB beamed radiation. Therefore, if a
GRB was produced during the SN 2009bb explosion, it was below the threshold of
the current generation of gamma-ray instruments.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
37 ANOS APÓS O ACIDENTE DE CHERNOBYL
O tema que será abordado neste trabalho é sobre como se encontra a cidade de Pripyat, na Ucrânia, após37 anos do trágico acidente de Chernobyl, que marcou a história da cidade e do mundo, sobre adesconhecida real força da energia nuclear. O objetivo da pesquisa foi saber como estão as vítimas, olocal e ainda capturar alguns relatos das mesmas, descobrir como se encontra a fauna e a flora atualmentee como prevenir que outro acidente semelhante a este ocorra novamente. Para elaborar este trabalho,foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas aprofundadas na internet, em busca de artigos científicos,reportagens e notícias que abordassem, de alguma forma, sobre o assunto. Após a coleta de artigos,reportagens e notícias, foi feita a sua leitura e a elaboração de resumos para facilitar o entendimento e aescrita do trabalho. Alguns dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho foram que o acidente ocorreu por causada realização de um teste acerca de quanto tempo as turbinas e os turbos alternadores continuariam emoperação no caso de uma queda de energia ou de um colapso, tendo na sua sequência uma série denegligências, que resultou em um colapso do núcleo, causando uma explosão às 1h23min e lançando 500toneladas de combustível, 700 toneladas de grafite e gases radioativos na atmosfera. Esse vazamento tevea duração de 10 dias. Este mesmo erro que culminou neste grande acidente ceifou a vida de 4 mil pessoas.E ainda traz consequências para a cidade e o país, como a realocação de uma cidade inteira. Outrasconsequências observadas foram que muitas gerações passadas e futuras das pessoas presentes oupróximas do acidente contraíram câncer e/ou, ao terem filhos(as), estes(as) nasceram com imperfeições.Espera-se que o resto do mundo use este acidente como exemplo a não ser seguido quando se tratar decondicionamento de energia nuclear