Readiness to Change as a Mediator of the Effect of a Brief Motivational Intervention on Posttreatment Alcohol-Related Consequences of Injured Emergency Department Hazardous Drinkers

Evaluated impact of motivational enhancement (ME) of substance abuse treatment compared to relaxation training (RT) on sex without condoms (overall and involving substance use) 3 months following release among incarcerated adolescents. This randomized clinical trial involved 114 incarcerated adolescents from the Northeast. Regression analyses determined if treatment condition, baseline levels of depressive symptoms, and their interaction predicted condom non-use 3 months post-release, controlling for baseline condom non-use. Among those who reported fewer baseline depressive symptoms, those in ME condition reported significantly less condom non-use, in general and involving marijuana use compared with those in RT condition. Periods of incarceration represent opportunities to help juvenile detainees reduce behaviors that impact their health and the health of those with whom they interact in the community

Patients with Alcohol Problems in the Emergency Department, Part 1: Improving Detection *

Medical and social problems related to alcohol use are frequently seen in the ED. Often, the tempo of emergency medicine practice seems to preclude assessment beyond that required by the acute complaint. However, detection of ED patients with alcohol problems can occur using brief screening tools. This article was developed by members of the SAEM Substance Abuse Task Force, and describes screening tools that have been used successfully to identify atrisk and dependent drinkers. Their brevity, reproducibility, and accuracy vary somewhat, but screening can be realistically performed in the busy ED setting. The early detection of patients with alcohol problems would provide the opportunity for early intervention, and may reduce subsequent morbidity and mortality in this patient population.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72559/1/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02696.x.pd

Extent of the Old Norse language in historic England

Abstract The purpose of this essay has been to examine the connection between the established viking-stages to the development of the English language. The purpose of the essay has been to see linguistic changes in the historical English language linked to old Norse encounters. The old Norse linguistic influences are based on cultural encounters that took place in England from about 787 to 1042. These are divided into three different stages, the raiding stage (787-850), the settlement stage (850-878) and (political) assimilation- stage (878- 1042). By analyzing texts from old English, middle English and early modern English, the essay aimed to investigate the extent to which old Norse has influenced the English language, what changes can be interpreted, and their connection to the three different stages. The research questions follow accordingly; What old Norse elements can be found in the texts? What linguistic differences can be discerned among the texts? and Which stage (s) are represented in the old Norse linguistic influence in the texts? Results show a varying frequency, partly due to the difficulties with the similarities between the languages, in particular the earlier texts in OE. An increase in ME and then a slight decrease in EME. This has partly to do with regional differences and influences from western Europe during the renaissance and the enlightenment. Following, linguistic differences occur through an increase in word classes, from place names to verbs and adjectives. Linguistic differences between the texts are also due to their geographical origin, where areas that have been part of Danelaw have more words that originate from old Norse. Adding on, the raiding stage has had less linguistic impact with an explanation that raidings were time limited and had a negative connotation for the English population during the 700s-800s. The settlement stage emerged as the main stage that has had the most influence on the development of the language, this is explained by the importance of the cultural encounter in the form of settlement, trade and relations between peoples. The assimilation stage has had a greater political influence, but since the regional differences are so representative, it seems to indicate that the Old Norse language was abandoned in favor of the institutional language in the country

NA

http://archive.org/details/versatilevaneshe00minuNAN

Studies in Corpora and Idioms : Getting the cat out of the bag

“Idiomatic” expressions, usually called “idioms”, such as a dime a dozen, a busman’s holiday, or to have bats in your belfry are a curious part of any language: they usually have a fixed lexical (why a busman?) and structural composition (only dime and dozen in direct conjunction mean ‘common, ordinary’), can be semantically obscure (why bats?), yet are widely recognized in the speech community, in spite of being so rare that only large corpora can provide us with access to sufficient empirical data on their use. In this compilation thesis, four published studies focusing on idioms in corpora are presented. Study 1 details the creation of and data in the author’s medium-sized corpus from 1999, the 3.7 million word Coll corpus of online university student newspapers, with comparisons to data from standard corpora of the time. Study 2 examines the extent to which recognized idioms are to be found in the Coll corpus and how they can be varied. Study 3 draws upon the British National Corpus and a series of British and American newspaper corpora to see how idioms may be “anchored” in their contexts, primarily by the device of premodification via an adjective appropriate to the context, not to the idiom. Study 4 examines idiom-usage patterns in the Time Magazine corpus, focusing on possible aspects of diachronic change over the near-century Time represents. The introductory compilation chapter places and discusses these studies in their contexts of contemporary idiom and corpus research; building on these studies, it provides two specific examples of potential ways forward in idiom research: an examination of the idioms used in a specific subgenre of newspapers (editorials), and a detailed suggestion for teachers about how to examine multiple facets of a specific modern idiom (the glass ceiling) in the classroom. Finally, a summing-up includes suggestions for further research, particularly at the level of the patterning of individual idioms, rather than treating them as a homogeneous phenomenon

Is Time A’Changin’? : A diachronic investigation of the idioms used in Time

A newly-available net-based corpus of 105 million words of written American English (Time Magazine, 1923–2006, at http://corpus.byu.edu/time) was investigated for the occurrence and diachronic distribution of various types of ‘pure’ idioms such as be raining cats and dogs. Idioms from the Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms (2002 (1995)) were selected for four types of variation and change. Group 1, the 46 idioms labeled ‘old-fashioned’, proved to be noticeably more common before 1970. Group 2, several constructions of the type as scarce as X, exhibited considerably more variation than in more diversified corpora such as the British National Corpus. Group 3, Biblically-derived idioms, were generally less common after 1960, but with the lowest frequencies in the 1930s. The frequencies for the final group, 32 idioms focusing on deception, were relatively constant from the 1950s on, with an interesting dip in the 1970s. Changes in editorial policies may possibly have influenced these results. While not of sufficient magnitude for detailed studies of individual items over time, the Time corpus clearly is sufficient to provide us with a great deal of data and numerous valuable insights into the use of these idioms

Extent of the Old Norse language in historic England

Abstract The purpose of this essay has been to examine the connection between the established viking-stages to the development of the English language. The purpose of the essay has been to see linguistic changes in the historical English language linked to old Norse encounters. The old Norse linguistic influences are based on cultural encounters that took place in England from about 787 to 1042. These are divided into three different stages, the raiding stage (787-850), the settlement stage (850-878) and (political) assimilation- stage (878- 1042). By analyzing texts from old English, middle English and early modern English, the essay aimed to investigate the extent to which old Norse has influenced the English language, what changes can be interpreted, and their connection to the three different stages. The research questions follow accordingly; What old Norse elements can be found in the texts? What linguistic differences can be discerned among the texts? and Which stage (s) are represented in the old Norse linguistic influence in the texts? Results show a varying frequency, partly due to the difficulties with the similarities between the languages, in particular the earlier texts in OE. An increase in ME and then a slight decrease in EME. This has partly to do with regional differences and influences from western Europe during the renaissance and the enlightenment. Following, linguistic differences occur through an increase in word classes, from place names to verbs and adjectives. Linguistic differences between the texts are also due to their geographical origin, where areas that have been part of Danelaw have more words that originate from old Norse. Adding on, the raiding stage has had less linguistic impact with an explanation that raidings were time limited and had a negative connotation for the English population during the 700s-800s. The settlement stage emerged as the main stage that has had the most influence on the development of the language, this is explained by the importance of the cultural encounter in the form of settlement, trade and relations between peoples. The assimilation stage has had a greater political influence, but since the regional differences are so representative, it seems to indicate that the Old Norse language was abandoned in favor of the institutional language in the country

Patterns of craniofacial growth and development in Upper Pleistocene hominids

A study of immature Upper Pleistocene hominid craniofacial remains was undertaken in an attempt to document patterns of skull growth in Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and to compare it to that of Homo sapiens sapiens. This permitted examination of two issues: (1) whether the changes in craniofacial morphology characterizing the Neandertal to H. s. sapiens transition could be attributed to a shift in growth, and (2) whether Neandertal craniofacial maturation followed a schedule comparable to that of H. s. sapiens. Craniofacial remains of 97 immature Upper Pleistocene individuals from Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia provided the metric data and qualitative observations used to investigate these problems. Comparative data was obtained for adult Upper Pleistocene hominids and for modern immature H. s. sapiens. Results demonstrated, unequivocally, that the Neandertal skull grew differently than our own. This is most marked in the dimensional changes characterizing the growing face, while fewer ontogenetic differences appear in the neurocranium. However, many aspects of craniofacial growth in the Upper Pleistocene hominids examined were remarkably similar. Significantly, neurocranial growth in Neandertals and early H. s. sapiens was more similar than between either of these groups and modern humans. In contrast, facial growth in early H. s. sapiens was clearly intermediate between Neandertals and ourselves. Only one significant maturational difference was noted between the Upper Pleistocene specimens and modern humans: a prolonged period of neurocranial growth in Neandertals and early H. s. sapiens over than known for ourselves. These growth patterns suggest that selection had, in Neandertals, acted to produce a sapient braincase long before the appearance of a modern face. The mosaic nature of the evolutionary changes characterizing Upper Pleistocene craniofacial ontogeny clearly demonstrate continuity between Neandertals and our accepted ancestors, the earliest H. s. sapiens. These findings further support the premise of a substantial Neandertal contribution to the gene pools of local H. s. sapiens populations