Physiology and Medicine at High Altitude: The Exposure and the Stress

Increase in altitude causes decrease in atmospheric barometric pressure that results in decrease of inspiredpartial pressure of oxygen, a source for stress and pose a challenge to climbers/trekkers or persons posted onhigh altitude areas. This review discusses about the high altitude sickness, their incidence rates, pathophysiologyand the classic model of acclimatisation, which explains about how oxygen requirement in extreme environmentis achieved by complex interplay among pulmonary, hematological and cardiovascular processes. The acutehigh altitude illness (AHAI) is basically composed of two syndromes: cerebral and pulmonary that can afflictun-acclimatised climbers/trekkers. The cerebral syndrome includes acute mountain sickness (AMS) and highaltitude cerebral oedema (HACO) and pulmonary syndrome typically refers to high altitude pulmonary oedema(HAPO). The core physiological purpose, according to the classic model is centered upon the optimisation ofincreased delivery of oxygen to the cells through a coherent response involving increased ventilation, cardiacoutput and hemoglobin concentration with aim to increase the oxygen flux across the oxygen cascade, whichwill help in preventing the development of majority of high altitude illness

Bilateral cortical blindness secondary to tuberculous meningitis in a young Indian female

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Embedding knowledge and value of a brand into sustainability for differentiation

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in the Journal of World Business (under the provisional title "Embedding sustainability into brand knowledge and brand value for brand differentiation"). The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2012 Elsevier B.V.Organisations offer products to consumers, buyers often question if the product or its production process are linked to the environmental, social or economic challenges being faced by mankind. Inquisitiveness of customers in this direction points towards an opportunity for marketers to create differentiation based on the concerns of brand towards overall issue of sustainability. The authors have synthesized knowledge from various domains with a positivistic approach to understand sustainability from the perspective of branding. Using empirical knowledge this study recommends embedding sustainability into brand knowledge and brand value for creating a differentiation for the brand in a competitive market

Comparison of DNA adducts from exposure to complex mixtures in various human tissues and experimental systems

DNA adducts derived from complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic compounds emitted from tobacco smoke are compared to industrial pollution sources (e.g., coke ovens and aluminum smelters), smoky coal burning, and urban air pollution. Exposures to coke oven emissions and smoky coal, both potent rodent skin tumor initiators and lung carcinogens in humans, result in high levels of DNA adducts compared to tobacco smoke in the in vitro calf thymus DNA model system, in cultured lymphocytes, and in the mouse skin assay. Using tobacco smoke as a model in human studies, we have compared relative DNA adduct levels detected in blood lymphocytes, placental tissue, bronchoalveolar lung lavage cells, sperm, and autopsy tissues of smokers and nonsmokers. Adduct levels in DNA isolated from smokers were highest in human heart and lung tissue with smaller but detectable differences in placental tissue and lung lavage cells. Comparison of the DNA adduct levels resulting from human exposure to different complex mixtures shows that emissions from coke ovens, aluminum smelters, and smoky coal result in higher DNA adduct levels than tobacco smoke exposure. These studies suggest that humans exposed to complex combustion mixtures will have higher DNA adduct levels in target cells (e.g., lung) as compared to nontarget cells (e.g., lymphocytes) and that the adduct levels will be dependent on the genotoxic and DNA adduct-forming potency of the mixture

Out of the shadows: Classifying economies by the extent and nature of employment in the informal economy

Given the prevalence of informality, this article proposes a typology for classifying countries by the extent and nature of employment in the informal economy, rather than by the composition of their formal economies. The author analyses ILO data on employment in the informal economy in 36 developing countries, and shows that there is a significant correlation between cross-national variations in the degree and intensity of informalization and cross-national variations in social and economic indicators such as levels of GNP per capita, corruption, poverty, taxation and social contributions. The article concludes by discussing implications for theory and policy

Determinants of the level of informality of informal micro-enterprises: some evidence from the city of Lahore, Pakistan

Recognizing that enterprises operate at varying levels of informality, this paper evaluates the determinants of their degree of informality. Reporting a 2012 survey of 300 informal micro-enterprises in the city of Lahore in Pakistan, the finding is that the key predictors of their level of informality are the characteristics of the entrepreneur and enterprise, rather than their motives or the wider formal and informal institutional compliance environment. Lower degrees of informality are associated with women, older, educated and higher income entrepreneurs and older enterprises with employees in the manufacturing sector. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications