1,997 research outputs found
Mechanical properties and electrical surface charges of microfibrillated cellulose/imidazole-modified polyketone composite membranes
In the present work, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) suspensions were produced by high-pressure homogenization and subsequently used to fabricate MFC membranes (C-1) by vacuum filtration followed by hot-pressing. A polyketone (PK50) was chemically modified by Paal-Knorr reaction to graft imidazole (IM) functional groups along its backbone structure. The resulting polymer is referred to as PK50IM80. By solution impregnation, C-1 was immersed in an aqueous solution of PK50IM80 and subsequently hot pressed, resulting in the fabrication of MFC/PK50IM80 composite membranes (C-IMP). Another method, referred to as solution mixing, consisted in adding MFC into an aqueous solution of PK50IM80 followed by vacuum filtration and hot-pressing to obtain MFC/PK50IM80 composite membranes (C-MEZC). C-IMP and C-MEZC were characterized by a wide range of analytical techniques including, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared chemical imaging, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamical mechanical analysis, tensile testing as well as streaming zeta potential, and compared to C-1 (reference material). The results suggested that C-IMP possess a more homogeneous distribution of PK50IM80 at their surface compared to C-MEZC. C-IMP was found to possess significantly enhanced Young's modulus compared to C-1 and C-MEZC. The tensile strength of C-IMP was found to improve significantly compared to C-1, whereas C-1 possessed significantly higher tensile index than C-IMP and C-MEZC. Furthermore, the presence of PK50IM80 at the surface of MFC was found to significantly shift the isoelectric point (IEP) of the membranes from pH 2.3 to a maximum value of 4.5 for C-IMP. Above the IEP, C-IMP and C-MEZC were found to possess significantly less negative electrical surface charges (plateau value of -25 mV at pH 10) when compared to C-1 (plateau value of -42 mV at pH 10). Our approach may have implication to broaden the range of filtration applications of MFC-based membranes
Unfolding the Hierarchy of Voids
We present a framework for the hierarchical identification and
characterization of voids based on the Watershed Void Finder. The Hierarchical
Void Finder is based on a generalization of the scale space of a density field
invoked in order to trace the hierarchical nature and structure of cosmological
voids. At each level of the hierarchy, the watershed transform is used to
identify the voids at that particular scale. By identifying the overlapping
regions between watershed basins in adjacent levels, the hierarchical void tree
is constructed. Applications on a hierarchical Voronoi model and on a set of
cosmological simulations illustrate its potential.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Cosmology and Cluster Halo Scaling Relations
We explore the effects of dark matter and dark energy on the dynamical
scaling properties of galaxy clusters. We investigate the cluster Faber-Jackson
(FJ), Kormendy and Fundamental Plane (FP) relations between the mass, radius
and velocity dispersion of cluster size halos in cosmological -body
simulations. The simulations span a wide range of cosmological parameters,
representing open, flat and closed Universes. Independently of the cosmology,
we find that the simulated clusters are close to a perfect virial state and do
indeed define a Fundamental Plane. The fitted parameters of the FJ, Kormendy
and FP relationships do not show any significant dependence on
and/or . The one outstanding effect is the influence of
on the thickness of the Fundamental Plane. Following the time
evolution of our models, we find slight changes of FJ and Kormendy parameters
in high universe, along with a slight decrease of FP fitting
parameters. We also see an initial increase of the FP thickness followed by a
convergence to a nearly constant value. The epoch of convergence is later for
higher values of while the thickness remains constant in the low
-models. We also find a continuous increase of the FP
thickness in the Standard CDM (SCDM) cosmology. There is no evidence that these
differences are due to the different power spectrum slope at cluster scales.
From the point of view of the FP, there is little difference between clusters
that quietly accreted their mass and those that underwent massive mergers. The
principal effect of strong mergers is to change significantly the ratio of the
half-mass radius to the harmonic mean radius .Comment: 24 pages, 17 figures, submitted to MNRA
Morphological Properties of Superclusters of Galaxies
We studied superclusters of galaxies in a volume-limited sample extracted
from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 (SDSS/DR7) and from mock
catalogues based on a semi-analytical model of galaxy evolution in the
Millenium Simulation. A density field method was applied to a sample of
galaxies brighter than to identify superclusters,
taking into account selection and boundary effects. In order to evaluate the
influence of threshold density, we have chosen two thresholds: the first
maximizes the number of objects (D1), and the second constrains the maximum
supercluster size to 120~hMpc (D2). We have performed a
morphological analysis, using Minkowski Functionals, based on a parameter which
increases monotonically from filaments to pancakes. An anti-correlation was
found between supercluster richness (and total luminosity or size) and the
morphological parameter, indicating that filamentary structures tend to be
richer, larger and more luminous than pancakes in both observed and mock
catalogues. We have also used the mock samples to compare supercluster
morphologies identified in position and velocity spaces, concluding that our
morphological classification is not biased by the peculiar velocities. Monte
Carlo simulations designed to investigate the reliability of our results with
respect to random fluctuations show that these results are robust. Our analysis
indicates that filaments and pancakes present different luminosity and size
distributions.Comment: 12 pages, 17 figures Accepted to MNRA
Mass, Light and Colour of the Cosmic Web in the Supercluster SCL2243-0935 (z=0.447)
Context: In 2.2m MPG-ESO/WFI data we discovered several mass peaks through
weak lensing, forming a possible supercluster at redshift 0.45. Through
multi-colour wide-field imaging with CFHT/Megaprime and INT/WFC we identify
early-type galaxies and trace the supercluster network with them. Through
EMMI/NTT multi-object spectroscopy we verify the initial shear-selected cluster
candidates. Using weak lensing we obtain mass estimates for the supercluster
centre and the filaments.
Results: We identified the centre of the SCL2243-0935 supercluster, MACS
J2243-0935, which was found independently by Ebeling et al. (2010). 13 more
clusters or overdensities are embedded in a filamentary network, half of them
are already spectroscopically confirmed. Three (5-15) Mpc filaments are
detected, and we estimate the global size of SCL2243 to 45x15x50 Mpc, making it
one of the largest superclusters known at intermediate redshifts. Weak lensing
yields r_200=(2.06+/-0.13) Mpc and M_200=(1.54+/-0.29)x10^15 M_sun for MACS
J2243 with M/L=428+/-82, very similar to results from size-richness cluster
scaling relations. Integrating the weak lensing surface mass density over the
supercluster network (defined by increased i-band luminosity or g-i colours),
we find (1.53+/-1.01)x10^15 M_sun and M/L=305+/-201 for the three main
filaments, consistant with theoretical predictions. The filaments' projected
surface mass density is 0.007-0.012, corresponding to 10-100 times the critical
density. The greatly varying density of the cosmic web is also reflected in the
mean colour of galaxies. Conclusions: SCL2243 is significantly larger and much
more richly structured than other known superclusters such as A901/902 or
MS0302 studied with weak lensing before. It is a text-book supercluster with
little contamination along the line of sight, making it a perfect sandbox for
testing new techniques probing the cosmic web.Comment: 26 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication Astronomy and
Astrophysics. Minor corrections implemented as requested by the refere
Radio Emission in the Cosmic Web
We explore the possibility of detecting radio emission in the \emph{cosmic
web} by analyzing shock waves in the MareNostrum cosmological simulation. This
requires a careful calibration of shock finding algorithms in Smoothed-Particle
Hydrodynamics simulations, which we present here. Moreover, we identify the
elements of the cosmic web, namely voids, walls, filaments and clusters with
the use of the SpineWeb technique, a procedure that classifies the structure in
terms of its topology. Thus, we are able to study the Mach number distribution
as a function of its environment. We find that the median Mach number, for
clusters is , for filaments is
, for walls is
, and for voids is
. We then estimate the radio emission
in the cosmic web using the formalism derived in Hoeft & Br\"{u}ggen (2007). We
also find that in order to match our simulations with observational data (e.g.,
NVSS radio relic luminosity function), a fraction of energy dissipated at the
shock of is needed, in contrast with the
proposed by Hoeft et al. (2008). We find that 41% of
clusters with host diffuse radio emission in the form
of radio relics. Moreover, we predict that the radio flux from filaments should
be Jy at a frequency of 150 MHz.Comment: 19 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Minor
changes to tex fil
Future Evolution of Bound Superclusters in an Accelerating Universe
The evolution of marginally bound supercluster-like objects in an
accelerating LambdaCDM Universe is followed, by means of cosmological
simulations, from the present time to an expansion factor a = 100. The objects
are identified on the basis of the binding density criterion introduced by
Dunner et al. (2006). superclusters are identified with the ones whose mass M >
10^15 M_sun/h, the most massive one with M ~ 8x10^15 M_sun/h, comparable to the
Shapley supercluster. The spatial distribution of the superclusters remains
essentially the same after the present epoch, reflecting the halting growth of
the Cosmic Web as Lambda gets to dominate the expansion of the Universe. The
same trend can be seen in the stagnation of the development of the mass
function of virialized haloes and bound objects. The situation is considerably
different when looking at the internal evolution, quantified in terms of their
shape, compactness and density profile, and substructure in terms of their
multiplicity function. We find a continuing evolution from a wide range of
triaxial shapes at a = 1 to almost perfect spherical shapes at a = 100. We also
find a systematic trend towards a higher concentration. Meanwhile, we see their
substructure gradually disappearing, as the surrounding subclumps fall in and
merge to form one coherent, virialized system.Comment: 27 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, revised
version after referee repor
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