Міжнародне співробітництво МВС України у сфері протидії корупції

У статті здійснено аналіз розвитку та сучасного стану міжнародної співпраці МВС України у сфері протидії корупції. Розглянуто формування нормативно-правової бази щодо боротьби з корупцією та пов’язаною з нею злочинністю, надано характеристику напрямів та шляхів співпраці органів внутрішніх справ нашої країни з іноземними державами, їх правоохоронними органами і спеціальними службами, а також із міжнародними організаціями, які здійснюють заходи із протидії корупції. Визначено перспективи подальшого розвитку міжнародного співробітництва МВС у протидії транснаціональним формам корупції.В статье осуществлен анализ развития и современного состояния международного сотрудничества МВД Украины в сфере противодействия коррупции. Рассмотрено формирование нормативно-правовой базы по борьбе с коррупцией и связанной с ней преступностью, дана характеристика направлений и путей сотрудничества органов внутренних дел Украины с зарубежными государствами, их правоохранительными органами и специальными службами, а также с международными организациями, которые осуществляют мероприятия по противодействию коррупции. Определены перспективные направления дальнейшего развития международного сотрудничества МВД Украины в сфере противодействия транснациональным формам коррупции.Development and modern state of the international cooperation of the Ukranian Ministry of Internal Affairs in the sphere of corruption counteraction is analyzed. It is considered the formation of normative and legal base concerning struggle against corruption and the criminality, it is given the characteristic of directions and ways of cooperation of law-enforcement bodies of Ukraine with the foreign states, their law enforcement bodies and special services, and also with the international organizations which carry out measures on counteraction of corruption. It is determined the perspective directions of the further development of the international cooperation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Ukraine in the sphere of counteraction to transnational forms of corruption

Epidermal growth factor receptor as target for perioperative elimination of circulating colorectal cancer cells

Surgical resection of the tumor is the primary treatment of colorectal cancer patients. However, we previously demonstrated that abdominal surgery promotes the adherence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the liver and subsequent liver metastasis development. Importantly, preoperative treatment with specific tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAb) prevented surgery-induced liver metastasis development in rats. This study investigated whether the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) represents a suitable target for preoperative antibody treatment of colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery. The majority of patients with resectable colorectal liver metastases were shown to have EGFR + CTCs. Three different anti-EGFR mAbs (cetuximab, zalutumumab, and panitumumab) were equally efficient in the opsonization of tumor cell lines. Additionally, all three mAbs induced antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) of tumor cells by macrophages at low antibody concentrations in vitro, independent of mutations in EGFR signaling pathways. The plasma of cetuximab-treated patients efficiently opsonized tumor cells ex vivo and induced phagocytosis. Furthermore, neither proliferation nor migration of epithelial cells was affected in vitro, supporting that wound healing will not be hampered by treatment with low anti-EGFR mAb concentrations. These data support the use of a low dose of anti-EGFR mAbs prior to resection of the tumor to eliminate CTCs without interfering with the healing of the anastomosis. Ultimately, this may reduce the risk of metastasis development, consequently improving long-term patient outcome significantly.Transplantation and autoimmunit

Patients' outcome expectations and their fulfilment in multidisciplinary stroke rehabilitation

BackgroundPatients’ expectations of the outcomes of rehabilitation may influence the outcomes and satisfaction with treatment.ObjectivesFor stroke patients in multidisciplinary rehabilitation, we aimed to explore patients’ outcome expectations and their fulfilment as well as determinants.MethodsThe Stroke Cohort Outcomes of REhabilitation (SCORE) study included consecutive stroke patients admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation facility after hospitalisation. Outcome expectations were assessed at the start of rehabilitation (admission) by using the three-item Expectancy scale (sum score range 3–27) of the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ). After rehabilitation, patients answered the same questions formulated in the past tense to assess fulfilment of expectations. Baseline patient characteristics were recorded and health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) was measured at baseline and after rehabilitation. The number of patients with expectations unfulfilled or fulfilled or exceeded was computed by subtracting the admission and discharge CEQ Expectancy scores. Multivariable regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with outcome expectations and their fulfilment, estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsWe included 165 patients (96 males [58.2%], mean (SD) age 60.2 years [12.7]) who completed the CEQ Expectancy instrument at admission (median score 21.6, interquartile range [IQR] 17.0–24.0); 79 completed it both at admission (median score 20.6, IQR 16.6–24.4) and follow-up (median score 20.0, IQR 16.4–22.8). For 40 (50.6%) patients, expectations of therapy were fulfilled or exceeded. No patient characteristic at admission was associated with baseline CEQ Expectancy score. Odds of expectation fulfilment were associated with low expectations at admission (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.60–0.83) and improved EQ-5D score (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.04–0.75).ConclusionsIn half of the stroke patients in multidisciplinary rehabilitation, expectations were fulfilled or exceeded, most likely in patients with low expectations at admission and with improved health-related quality of life. More research into the role of health professionals regarding the measurement, shaping and management of outcome expectations is needed.Analysis and Stochastic

Possible alleviation of symptoms and side effects through clinicians’ nocebo information and empathy in an experimental video vignette study.

Health and self-regulatio

Multi-ancestry study of blood lipid levels identifies four loci interacting with physical activity

Many genetic loci affect circulating lipid levels, but it remains unknown whether lifestyle factors, such as physical activity, modify these genetic effects. To identify lipid loci interacting with physical activity, we performed genome-wide analyses of circulating HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in up to 120,979 individuals of European, African, Asian, Hispanic, and Brazilian ancestry, with follow-up of suggestive associations in an additional 131,012 individuals. We find four loci, in/near CLASP1, LHX1, SNTA1, and CNTNAP2, that are associated with circulating lipid levels through interaction with physical activity; higher levels of physical activity enhance the HDL cholesterol-increasing effects of the CLASP1, LHX1, and SNTA1 loci and attenuate the LDL cholesterol- increasing effect of the CNTNAP2 locus. The CLASP1, LHX1, and SNTA1 regions harbor genes linked to muscle function and lipid metabolism. Our results elucidate the role of physical activity interactions in the genetic contribution to blood lipid levels

The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape : A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age-and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to similar to 2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men 50y, women 50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR= 50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may providefurther insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape.Peer reviewe

The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits

Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel; P < 5 x 10(-8)), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution.A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiological changes and therap

Notes on techniques

In this introductory chapter, techniques for studying brain circuitry are discussed. Many features of the fibre connections of the human brain and spinal cord have been elucidated by the analysis of normal preparations stained by the Weigert-Pal and Klüver-Barrera techniques to demonstrate the myelin sheaths around axons of neurons (Sect. 3.2). Brain circuitry can be studied with these myelin-staining techniques, the classic Marchi and Nauta degeneration techniques and the more recent tract-tracing techniques (Sect. 3.3), with immunohistochemistry (Sect. 3.4) as well as with various electrophysiological techniques (Sect. 3.5). The development of modern non-invasive imaging techniques (Sect. 3.6) such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has greatly improved our knowledge of the circuitry of the human central nervous system (CNS). New developments in MR imaging such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; “tractography”) allow the visualization of the major fibre connections in the human CNS. These various techniques are illustrated with examples on the corticospinal tract