Principais irregularidades em estabelecimentos sujeitos a controle sanitário

Introduction: Sanitary inspection verifies compliance with technical standards and regulations for safety and quality. The Health Surveillance of Minas Gerais has a notification procedure for sanitary risk situations that allows the systematic collection and analysis of data related to health inspections. These data are used to identify the sanitary hazard in the territory and the consequent definition of actions. Objective: To determine the irregularities most frequently encountered during health inspections carried   out in Minas Gerais. Method: Cross-sectional study of sanitary irregularities reported by health inspectors of Minas Gerais in the form of risk notification and risk situation sheet 2019 (Planilha de Notificações de Riscos e Situações de Riscos 2019). The frequencies found for each type of irregularity were determined and ordered. Results: The most commonly found irregularities are, in decreasing order: Documentation/Quality Assurance issues; Inadequate infrastructure; Organization and Hygiene irregularities; Equipment irregularities, including preventive maintenance and calibration; Failure in product quality; Human resources, and waste management issues. All of these irregularities have varying degrees of potential health risk, even though they are often subject to the same course of action, educational and/or coercive, by the Health Surveillance. Conclusions: The knowledge of the main irregularities found in the inspected establishments is a highly relevant information for health inspection for the purposes of territorial diagnosis, optimization of the work process and to guide the education and instruction actions, in order to allow an effective intervention of the services in these problems.Introdução: A fiscalização sanitária verifica o cumprimento de normas e regulamentos técnicos visando segurança e qualidade. A Vigilância Sanitária de Minas Gerais possui um sistema de notificação de situações de risco sanitário que possibilita a coleta sistemática e análise de dados relativos às inspeções sanitárias. Esses dados são usados para identificação do risco sanitário no território e consequente definição de ações. Objetivo: Determinar as irregularidades mais frequentemente encontradas durante as inspeções sanitárias realizadas em Minas Gerais. Método: Estudo transversal das irregularidades sanitárias declaradas por fiscais sanitários de Minas Gerais nos formulários relativos às inspeções, inseridas na Planilha de Notificações de Riscos e Situações de Riscos 2019. As frequências encontradas de cada tipo de irregularidade foram determinadas e ordenadas. Resultados: As irregularidades mais comumente encontradas, decrescentemente, são: problemas de Documentação/Garantia da qualidade; infraestrutura inadequada; irregularidades de Organização e Higiene; irregularidades em equipamentos, incluindo manutenção preventiva e calibração; falhas na qualidade dos produtos; recursos humanos; e problemas de gerenciamento de resíduos. Todas essas irregularidades têm graus variados de potencial risco sanitário, mesmo que estejam, muitas vezes, sujeitas às mesmas medidas, educativas e/ou coercitivas, por parte da Vigilância Sanitária. Conclusões: O conhecimento das principais irregularidades encontradas nos estabelecimentos inspecionados é uma informação de alta relevância para a fiscalização sanitária para um diagnóstico territorial, otimização do processo de trabalho e para orientar as ações de educação e instrução, de forma a permitir uma efetiva intervenção dos serviços nesses problemas

Avaliação da distribuição regional do risco sanitário dos Estabelecimentos de Assistência Odontológica no Estado de Minas Gerais, no período entre 2015-2016 / Regional distribution of the sanitary risk of dental healthcare institutions at Minas Gerais State during 2015 and 2016

Os Estabelecimentos de Assistência Odontológica (EAOs) são ambientes susceptíveis à contaminação e infecção cruzada, sendo necessário o emprego de normas e rotinas para evitar sua disseminação. A identificação dos riscos sanitários e sua distribuição contribuem para o controle e gestão das ações da Vigilância Sanitária (VISA).  Objetivo – Avaliar, por meio de dados estatísticos, o risco sanitário regional em EAOs, observado nas inspeções da VISA, em Minas Gerais (MG) no período de 2015 a 2016. Método – Estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado a partir de 13.839 formulários da "Planilha de Notificações de Riscos e Situação de Riscos” do FormSUS, preenchidos após inspeções em EAOs por fiscais dos municípios de MG. Dos formulários que identificaram risco positivo, foram avaliadas análises estatísticas descritivas e espaciais das questões específicas relacionadas ao funcionamento dos EAOs. Considerou-se indicadores de risco falhas referentes: ao processamento do instrumental, à ausência / uso inadequado de autoclave e equipamentos de proteção individual e à ausência ou não implementação de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos.  Resultados – Do total de formulários avaliados, 7.726 (55,83%) identificaram risco sanitário positivo. Dentre as questões específicas, a ausência de monitoramento da autoclave foi o principal fator de risco identificado, alcançando 47,55% dos resultados. O georreferenciamento das Unidades Regionais de Saúde (URSs) mostrou os diferentes percentuais de inadequação, para cada pergunta avaliada.Conclusões – A identificação de fatores de risco associados ao georreferenciamento dos dados obtidos, com o traçado de um perfil territorial, permitiu estabelecer prioridades no planejamento de ações de intervenção, como direcionar futuras capacitações das equipes de VISA e dos profissionais do setor regulado

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Genomic Surveillance of Yellow Fever Virus Epizootic in São Paulo, Brazil, 2016 – 2018

São Paulo, a densely inhabited state in southeast Brazil that contains the fourth most populated city in the world, recently experienced its largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in decades. YFV does not normally circulate extensively in São Paulo, so most people were unvaccinated when the outbreak began. Surveillance in non-human primates (NHPs) is important for determining the magnitude and geographic extent of an epizootic, thereby helping to evaluate the risk of YFV spillover to humans. Data from infected NHPs can give more accurate insights into YFV spread than when using data from human cases alone. To contextualise human cases, identify epizootic foci and uncover the rate and direction of YFV spread in São Paulo, we generated and analysed virus genomic data and epizootic case data from NHPs in São Paulo. We report the occurrence of three spatiotemporally distinct phases of the outbreak in São Paulo prior to February 2018. We generated 51 new virus genomes from YFV positive cases identified in 23 different municipalities in São Paulo, mostly sampled from NHPs between October 2016 and January 2018. Although we observe substantial heterogeneity in lineage dispersal velocities between phylogenetic branches, continuous phylogeographic analyses of generated YFV genomes suggest that YFV lineages spread in São Paulo at a mean rate of approximately 1km per day during all phases of the outbreak. Viral lineages from the first epizootic phase in northern São Paulo subsequently dispersed towards the south of the state to cause the second and third epizootic phases there. This alters our understanding of how YFV was introduced into the densely populated south of São Paulo state. Our results shed light on the sylvatic transmission of YFV in highly fragmented forested regions in São Paulo state and highlight the importance of continued surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in sentinel species

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Background and Aims Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ