Medidas e estratégias das Entidades supervisoras e a crise económico-financeira de 2007: o caso particular dos sistemas financeiros português e Cabo-verdiano

O escopo principal deste estudo corresponde a uma análise das medidas e estratégias adotadas pelas Entidades Supervisoras e também pelos próprios Estados em resposta à crise económico-financeira de 2007, bem como as reformas emergentes no contexto pós-crise – equacionando em paralelo essas reformas no quadro da União Europeia (UE) em função da necessária perspetiva supranacional que tem de ser observada neste domínio à luz da importante transferência de poderes de regulação e supervisão do setor financeiro para a esfera da UE, no essencial desencadeada mediante as reformas provenientes do Relatório LAROSIÈRE que fez conhecer uma nova aceleração na regulação financeira europeia com a criação do Sistema Europeu de Supervisão Financeira e, em particular, no subsetor bancário com o lançamento do processo da União Bancária. Com efeito, debruçamo-nos sobre os setores financeiros português (sempre numa perspetiva integrada no contexto europeu) e cabo-verdiano, tendo em conta a sua relação comercial com a Europa, visando saber se, naquela altura, as medidas tomadas foram as mais adequadas e eficazes para a salvaguarda da estabilidade do sistema financeiro e reestabelecer a confiança dos investidores nos mercados financeiros num contexto adverso e de incertezas. Para uma melhor compreensão da temática em análise fizemos uma contextualização da crise financeira de 2007 e apontamos algumas das suas potenciais causas, salientando também os impactos negativos decorrentes dessa crise, registados nas grandes economias ao redor do mundo e, em particular, em Portugal e Cabo Verde. Além disso, fizemos referência ao enquadramento histórico, constitucional e a caraterização dos respetivos sistemas financeiros, sobre os quais pretendemos centrar o nosso estudo.The focus of this study is to analyze the measures and strategies adopted by the Supervisory Entities and also by the different States themselves in response to the economic and financial crisis of 2007, as well as the emerging reforms in the post-crisis context - solving these reforms in parallel with the European Union (EU) according to the necessary supranational perspective, which has to be followed in this domain under important regulation and supervision power transfer of financial sector to EU, essentially triggered by reforms of LAROSIÈRE Report, which sped up the financial regulation in EU by creating the European System of Financial Regulation and, especially, in subdomain of bank in launching the process of Banking Union. Under these terms, we stressed the portuguese financial sector (always in a framed European context) and capeverdean system considering its trades with Europe - trying to know if the measures taken were the most suitable and more effective, in that time, to ensure the stability of financial system and to restore investor confidence in financial markets in an adverse and uncertain context. For a better understanding of the subject under analysis, we contextualized the financial crisis of 2007 and pointed out some of its potential causes, by highlighting the negative impacts resulted from this crisis registered in the major economies worldwide and, especially, in Portugal and Cape Verde Islands. In addition, we made reference to the historical and constitutional contexts, and the characterization of the financial systems on which we intend to focus our study

Inter-individual differences in attitude content:Cognition, affect, and attitudes

In this chapter, we describe and integrate advances in the study of inter-individual differences in attitude content. Research within this area has addressed how people differ in the extent to which their attitudes are primarily guided by the favorability of their cognitive and affective responses. We begin by describing work that prompted researchers to address this topic and how these individual differences have been measured. We then highlight the implications of individual differences in cognitive and affective content in relation to attitude formation, attitude change, attitude strength, and how individuals perceive and evaluate people, groups, and other attitude objects. Taken together, these lines of research lend support to the argument that people differ in their use of cognitive and affective information as bases for attitudes. We conclude the chapter by addressing new questions that we believe will stimulate further interest in the topic.</p

Improving numeracy through values affirmation enhances decision and STEM outcomes

<div><p>Greater numeracy has been correlated with better health and financial outcomes in past studies, but causal effects in adults are unknown. In a 9-week longitudinal study, undergraduate students, all taking a psychology statistics course, were randomly assigned to a control condition or a values-affirmation manipulation intended to improve numeracy. By the final week in the course, the numeracy intervention (statistics-course enrollment combined with values affirmation) enhanced objective numeracy, subjective numeracy, and two decision-related outcomes (financial literacy and health-related behaviors). It also showed positive indirect-only effects on financial outcomes and a series of STEM-related outcomes (course grades, intentions to take more math-intensive courses, later math-intensive courses taken based on academic transcripts). All decision and STEM-related outcome effects were mediated by the changes in objective and/or subjective numeracy and demonstrated similar and robust enhancements. Improvements to abstract numeric reasoning can improve everyday outcomes.</p></div