European contribution to the study of ROS: A summary of the findings and prospects for the future from the COST action BM1203 (EU-ROS).

The European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) provides an ideal framework to establish multi-disciplinary research networks. COST Action BM1203 (EU-ROS) represents a consortium of researchers from different disciplines who are dedicated to providing new insights and tools for better understanding redox biology and medicine and, in the long run, to finding new therapeutic strategies to target dysregulated redox processes in various diseases. This report highlights the major achievements of EU-ROS as well as research updates and new perspectives arising from its members. The EU-ROS consortium comprised more than 140 active members who worked together for four years on the topics briefly described below. The formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is an established hallmark of our aerobic environment and metabolism but RONS also act as messengers via redox regulation of essential cellular processes. The fact that many diseases have been found to be associated with oxidative stress established the theory of oxidative stress as a trigger of diseases that can be corrected by antioxidant therapy. However, while experimental studies support this thesis, clinical studies still generate controversial results, due to complex pathophysiology of oxidative stress in humans. For future improvement of antioxidant therapy and better understanding of redox-associated disease progression detailed knowledge on the sources and targets of RONS formation and discrimination of their detrimental or beneficial roles is required. In order to advance this important area of biology and medicine, highly synergistic approaches combining a variety of diverse and contrasting disciplines are needed.The EU-ROS consortium (COST Action BM1203) was supported by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST). The present overview represents the final Action dissemination summarizing the major achievements of COST Action BM1203 (EU-ROS) as well as research news and personal views of its members. Some authors were also supported by COST Actions BM1005 (ENOG) and BM1307 (PROTEOSTASIS), as well as funding from the European Commission FP7 and H2020 programmes, and several national funding agencies

Specifické poruchy učení v podmínkách středních škol

This bachelor thesis deals with secondary school students awareness of specific learning disabilities. The aim of the theoretical part is to describe characteristic of specific learning disabilities, theirs causes and classifications. The thesis further explains symptoms of particular disabilities and theirs diagnosis. Upbringing and education of children with specific learning disabilities in adolescence age will be mentioned in this work. Method used for theoretical part is study of literature, formation of extracts and theirs analysis, synthesis and comparison. The aim of the practical part is evaluating the knowledge of secondary school students about learning disabilities and how are students with these disabilities marked by their teachers and perceived by their classmates. Questionnaires will be used for this purpose, respondents will be students of preselected secondary schools. Data obtained by questionnaire survey will be analyzed and evaluated by simple statistical methods. Recommendations will be formulated based on this analysis

Zlato, jeho vliv na moderní svět financí, determinanty jeho ceny a případová studie - Rusko

Zlato je bezesporu důležitým nástrojem v moderním světě financí a cílem mé práce je zamyslet se nad tím, zda je ve svých funkcích nahraditelné. Krátce zmíním i historii produkce a regulace této komodity a její dřívější funkce, protože tím lépe pochopíme její roli v nynějším finančním světě. Také bych se pokusila specifikovat indikátory ceny zlata a tím analyzovat trendy v poptávce a nabídce. To vysvětlím pomocí výpočtů korelačních koeficientů, které určují závislost dané komodity na vnějších faktorech. Dále připojím případovou detailní studii o těžbě a ložiskách zlata v Rusku a případné změny způsobu těžby. Zamyslím se nad tím, zda by do budoucna mohly tyto změny ve způsobu těžby ovlivnit cenu zlata, vezmeme-li v úvahu, že je Rusko významným exportérem zlata na světě

Inhibition of Acetylcholin Esterase by Synthetic Carbamates

Byla provedena elektronická literární rešerše novinek z problematiky inhibice cholinesteras. Bylo nalezeno deset zajímavých původních článků z uvedeného oboru, které jsou v práci komentovány. U dvou řad karbamátů byly studovány in vitro rychlost inhibice hydrolýzy ACH katalyzované ACHE z mořského úhoře a schopnost průniku biomembránami. Inhibiční rychlost testovaných inhibitorů byla posuzována podle hodnoty jejich inhibiční rychlostní konstanty k3, stanovené za podmínek: 25°C, pH 8, katalytická aktivita ACHE 0.14 U / ml reakční směsi, iontová síla 0.11 M, doba trvání reakce cca 1 hodina, a to dvěma nezávislými metodami, HPLC a pH-statovou. Z dosažených výsledků plyne, že průběh jimi inhibované hydrolýzy ACH lze za daných podmínek pro všechny testované inhibitory popsat kinetickým modelem kompetitivní inhibice s nevratným inhibičním krokem. Schopnost průniku testovaných karbamátů biomembránami byla posuzována podle hodnot jejich rozdělovacích koeficientů Kr mezi 1-oktanol a vodou. V řadě A bylo testováno 12 karbamátu. Jako nejnadějnější blokátory ACHE v živých organizmech se v této řadě z hlediska rychlosti inhibice a schopnosti průniku biomembránami ukázaly být karbamáty A6, A7 a A12. V řadě B bylo testováno 7 karbamátů. Nejnadějnějšími blokátory ACHE v živých organizmech z této řady se jevily z hlediska rychlosti inhibice a schopnosti průniku biomembránami karbamáty B1 ? A7, B3, B5 a B6.Electronic literary recherche of news about inhibition of cholinesterase was made. Ten interesting original articles were found. These articles are described and discussed in this work. The inhibition rate of hydrolysis of ACH catalysed by ACHE from the electric eel and the ability to cross the biomembranes have been studied in vitro for two series of inhibitors based on carbamates. The inhibitory rate of the tested inhibitors was assessed by the value of their inhibitory rate constants k3, determined at 25 0C, pH 8, ionic strength 0.11 M, catalytic activity of the enzyme preparation 0.14 U ml-1 of the reaction mixture and time of reaction about 1 hour by two indenpendent methods, HPLC and pH-stat.The obtained results show that the process of hydrolysis of ACH inhibited by all tested inhibitors can be described by the kinetic model of competitive irreversible inhibition at the given conditions. Ability of the tested carbamates to cross the biomembranes was assessed according to the values of their distribution coefficients Kr between 1-octanol and water. In the series A 12 carbamates were tested. The carbamates A6, A7 and A12 showed to be the most hopeful ACHE blockers in this series, according to their inhibition rate and ability to cross the biomembranes. In the series B 7 carbamates were tested. Among them the most promising ACHE blockers appeared, by the same reasons, the carbamates B1?A7, B2, B3, B5, and B6.Katedra biologických a biochemických věd1. Prezentace výsledků diplomové práce. 2. Diskuze k posudkům vedoucího a oponenta diplomové práce. 3. Diplomantka zodpověděla všechny dotazy a připomínky k DP.Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobo

Antioxidant, metal-binding and DNA-damaging properties of flavonolignans: a joint experimental and computational highlight based on 7-O-galloylsilybin.

International audienceBesides the well-known chemoprotective effects of polyphenols, their prooxidant activities via interactions with biomacromolecules as DNA and proteins are of the utmost importance. Current research focuses not only on natural polyphenols but also on synthetically prepared analogs with promising biological activities. In the present study, the antioxidant and prooxidant properties of a semi-synthetic flavonolignan 7-O-galloylsilybin (7-GSB) are described. The presence of the galloyl moiety significantly enhances the antioxidant capacity of 7-GSB compared to that of silybin (SB). These findings were supported by electrochemistry, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (CL-TAC) and DFT (density functional theory) calculations. A three-step oxidation mechanism of 7-GSB is proposed at pH 7.4, in which the galloyl moiety is first oxidized at Ep,1=+0.20V (vs. Ag/AgCl3M KCl) followed by oxidation of the 20-OH (Ep,2=+0.55V) and most probably 5-OH (Ep,3=+0.95V) group of SB moiety. The molecular orbital analysis and the calculation of O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) fully rationalize the electrooxidation processes. The metal (Cu(2+)) complexation of 7-GSB was studied, which appeared to involve both the galloyl moiety and the 5-OH group. The prooxidant effects of the metal-complexes were then studied according to their capacity to oxidatively induce DNA modification and cleavage. These results paved the way towards the conclusion that 7-O-galloyl substitution to SB concomitantly (i) enhances antioxidant (ROS scavenging) capacity and (ii) decreases prooxidant effect/DNA damage after Cu complexation. This multidisciplinary approach provides a comprehensive mechanistic picture of the antioxidant vs. metal-induced prooxidant effects of flavonolignans at the molecular level, under ex vivo conditions