A Linguistic Study of Presupposition in Hart and Kaufman’s Play “You Can’t Take It with You”

As a kind of linguistic study, the study of presupposition in the drama is one of the captivating topics to explore, because of the capability of this topic to make people perceive the presupposition differently. Presupposition is one of the most important concepts in linguistics. It refers to the implicit inferences made in communication between people. These inferences are necessary to understand the utterances correctly. The research particularly endeavors to focus on the linguistic constructions that activate presupposition. To this stage, it aims at: analyzing and identifying the types of presupposition, and the forms of presupposition triggers employed in the American play ‘You Can’t Take It With You’ according to an eclectic model based upon Yule (1996), Levinson (1983:181-184), and Van Der Sandt (1988). The main results of the analysis have evidently shown that ‘Structural Presupposition’ is the outstanding types in the language of the American play, whereas ‘Counterfactual’ is the unremarkable presupposition in the play under study. Further, most of the conversation and utterances in the American play are stated by ‘Yes-No Question’ form of presupposition triggers

FACTORS AFFECTING THE MOTIVATION OF STUDENTS SPEAKING SKILLS’ PROGRESS

Speaking skill is of great importance to English language learners. As is known, motivation plays an important role in the development of speaking skills. Motivation, in turn, is also affected by other variables. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence learners’ motivation. The analysis was carried out using five variables, namely, motivation, personality, attitudes towards English language teachers, classroom environment and instructional media, and attitudes towards English language. Data collection method included a questionnaire distributed to the participant of this study which included 92 participants from Tishk International University (TIU) studying in education, pharmacy, nursing, and medical analysis faculties. From this research, it is concluded that the variables that have the most influence on learners’ motivation are attitudes towards English language teachers, classroom environment and instructional media, and attitudes towards English language, where these variables have a positive effect on learners’ motivation

Knowledge, Attitude, And Practice Of Antibiotics Usage And Resistance Among Dental Students

Aim: This study aimed to estimate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of dental students in Erbil city toward antibiotic use, misuse, and resistance. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 dental students in Erbil city. The students were divided into two groups, the first group included classes from first to fourth (47%). The second group was the fifth class (53%). The students answered a closed-ended questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions to evaluate the KAP of the dental students in using antibiotics. T-test, ANOVA, mean, and frequency in SPSS version 23 to analyze the data. Results: Knowledge and attitude scores were high (9.3000 ± 1.01005 and 9.4000 ± 1.28708 respectively). The practice score was low (6.3000 ± 2.73585). There was a significant difference in KAP means according to gender (males KAP = 8.7778, 8.6111, and 5.3889 respectively). Females KAP = 9.5763, 9.8305, and 6.9661 respectively. The results showed that there was an insignificant difference in knowledge and attitude between the first group and the second group. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the first group and the second group in practice. Conclusion: Dental students must change their practice and do what they know because they have a noticeable effect on society and their teachers must improve their (KAP) not just their knowledge

Economic Impact of Galma Irrigation Scheme on the Farming Community in Dakaci, Zaria Area of Nigeria

Irrigation scheme is introduced for socioeconomic development of the community where it is based. One of such is the Galma Irrigation Fadama Project III around River Galma in Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The project provides water to surrounding communities for farming. This study was carried out with a view to determine the socioeconomic impact of the irrigation scheme on farming community in Dakaci, Zaria Area of Kaduna State. The study used data acquired from questionnaire survey, interviews and other secondary sources. Relevant data which include method of land acquisition, sources of capital, size of farmland, source of labor, major crops grown, average annual crop yield and average annual income were collected. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The study revealed that the irrigation scheme to a large extent boosted crop yields and agricultural production in the area thereby improving the socioeconomic status of the farmers in the area. It is therefore recommended that more of such projects should be introduced to improve agricultural productivity. Moreover, there is the need for timely evaluation and assessment of such projects to maintain their proper functioning. In addition, government should refurbish the canals distributing the water to the farmlands, and also provide credit facilities to the farmers in order to improve their agricultural productivity which would help in ensuring food security for the nation at large

Economic Impact of Galma Irrigation Scheme on the Farming Community in Dakaci, Zaria Area of Nigeria

Irrigation scheme is introduced for socioeconomic development of the community where it is based. One of such is the Galma Irrigation Fadama Project III around River Galma in Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The project provides water to surrounding communities for farming. This study was carried out with a view to determine the socioeconomic impact of the irrigation scheme on farming community in Dakaci, Zaria Area of Kaduna State. The study used data acquired from questionnaire survey, interviews and other secondary sources. Relevant data which include method of land acquisition, sources of capital, size of farmland, source of labor, major crops grown, average annual crop yield and average annual income were collected. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The study revealed that the irrigation scheme to a large extent boosted crop yields and agricultural production in the area thereby improving the socioeconomic status of the farmers in the area. It is therefore recommended that more of such projects should be introduced to improve agricultural productivity. Moreover, there is the need for timely evaluation and assessment of such projects to maintain their proper functioning. In addition, government should refurbish the canals distributing the water to the farmlands, and also provide credit facilities to the farmers in order to improve their agricultural productivity which would help in ensuring food security for the nation at large

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Apparently Healthy Students Screened for Salmonella Agglutinins

Infections caused by Salmonella enterica remains a major public health concern worldwide, contributing to the economic burden of both industrialized and underdeveloped countries through the costs associated with surveillance, prevention and treatment of disease. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between October – December, 2021 in which the detection of Salmonella enterica by stool culture was carried out on sixty (60) apparently healthy students screened for Salmonella agglutinin by widal agglutination test. The susceptibility of the Salmonella isolates to commonly used antibiotics was carried out by disc diffusion method. The result showed that 52 (82.7%) subjects were found to be widal positive with at least one of the tested antigens. From these, 26 (86.7%) each were recorded among male and female students respectively. The most common Salmonella agglutinin detected in both male and female belong to the Paratyphi serovar. However, the percentage of the positive titres, 1:320 and 1:160 in both males (p=0.139). and females (p =0.382) were not significantly different. Salmonella enterica was isolated in 11(42.3%) males and 7(26.9%) females, with a combined prevalence of 18(34.6%). For male subjects, Salmonella enterica was more susceptible to ciprofloxacin (81.8%) and ofloxacin (81.8%) and least to nalidixic acid (45.5%). For female gender, Salmonella enterica enterica exhibits multidrug resistance phenotype, accounting for the prevalence of 64.7%. From these, the MDR phenotype was more in female than male but with no statistical difference (P=0.569). The findings of this study established that Salmonella agglutinins are common among apparently healthy. It also shows the limitations of widal agglutination test, since Salmonella species could not be isolated in all the subjects whose sera were widal positive.&nbsp

Innovations In Formulation And Evaluation Of Oral Fast Dissolving Film

The most popular and convenient route for the drug administration is oral route with some merits, demerits, and limitations with some paediatric and geriatrics patients as they face difficulty to take solid dosage forms like capsules or compressed tablets that results in improper dosing due to vomit or removal of drug from buccal cavity. Oral fast dissolving films are a good alternate to overcome these difficulties and to deliver the drugs with any these age groups. Fast dissolving oral films are capable of delivering the drug locally and systemically by absorption through buccal mucosa, sublingual route, and oesophagus and finally form the stomach. Oral fast dissolving films offers a convenient way of dosing medication, not only for special groups of the population like paediatric, geriatric, confined to bed patients, patients with mental problems, but also to the general population. The present article review is focused on composition, preparation methods, evaluation and advancements of orally fast dissolving oral films

The burden of stroke and transient ischemic attack in Pakistan: a community-based prevalence study.

BACKGROUND: The burden of cerebrovascular disease in developing countries is rising sharply. The prevalence of established risk factors of stroke is exceptionally high in Pakistan. However, there is limited data on the burden of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in South Asia. We report the first such study conducted in an urban slum of Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: Individuals 35 years of age or older were invited for participation in this investigation through simple random sampling. A structured face-to-face interview was conducted using a pre-tested stroke symptom questionnaire in each participant to screen for past stroke or TIA followed by neurological examination of suspected cases. Anthropometric measurements and random blood glucose levels were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association of vascular risk factors with prevalence of stroke. RESULTS: Five hundred and forty five individuals (49.4% females) participated in the study with a response rate of 90.8%. One hundred and four individuals (19.1%) were observed to have a prior stroke while TIA was found in 53 individuals (9.7%). Overall, 119 individuals (21.8% with 66.4% females) had stroke and/or TIA. Female gender, old age, raised random blood glucose level and use of chewable tobacco were significantly associated with the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease. CONCLUSION: This is the first study demonstrating an alarmingly high life-time prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in Pakistan. Individual and public health interventions in Pakistan to increase awareness about stroke, its prevention and therapy are warranted.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are

Simulation of handoff algorithm for NDN producer’s mobility

Named Data networking is a novel communication scheme designed for efficient data dissemination. NDN is cantered on content management to improve on IP challenges such mobility, scalability, security and better quality of service. In this paper, producer’s mobility between two points is set-up for simulation using hard handoff technique. In this form of handoff, the carrier frequency of a connecting access gateway remains the same with the newly visited gateway of the producer (i.e intra-frequency). The mobile producer in node 3 is requesting a video content to another producer in node 4 while in a state of mobility. We considered anchorless technique of managing mobility of the nodes and simulation ensures that contents still receive routing update as they achieve handoff. These set-ups of simulation were conducted using NetSim version 12.10 software. In the results, we present video application throughput and the link throughput of link 1, link 2 and link 7 and comprehend that, efficiency and seamless mobility is realized using video application as compared to link throughout. Network and queued metrics also present more results being generated after the simulation processes. The algorithm of our inputs is tested in MATLAB and part of the coding system is build using visual studio 2015 which by default, is compatible with NetSim “binary” and “dll” folders

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London