Cинтез та антимікробна активність продуктів аніонарилювання з сульфаніламідним фрагментом

Products containing the sulfonamide fragment have been synthesized by anionarylation reaction. 3-(4-Sulfonamidophenyl)2-thiocyanato(bromo)propanamides, 4-(2-thiocyanato(bromo, chloro)-2-phenylethyl)benzenesulfonamides, 2-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)fumaric and 2-bromo-3-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)butanedioic acids have been obtained by the copper-catalyst reaction of 4-sulfonamidophenyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate with acrylamide, styrene and fumaric acid with the yields of 36-82%. The anionarylation competing process is formation of 4-(iso)thiocyanato(chloro, bromo)benzenesulfonamides as Sandmeyer reaction products. In case of thiocyanatoarylation of fumaric acid 2-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)fumaric acid is selectively formed as an arylation product. The structure of the compounds synthesized has been confirmed by IR- and 1H NMR-spectra. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds in relation to the museum strains of staphylococcus, E.coli, aerobic bacillus and yeasts fungi has been studied. It has been found that sulfonamide derivatives are characterized by a high antibacterial and antifungal activity, which is the most pronounced for arylalkyl thiocyanates based on acrylamide. The research conducted has confirmed the positive impact of the sulfonamide fragment introduction in the structure of anionarylation products of unsaturated compounds to expand the range of the antimicrobial activity and decrease of the minimum inhibitory concentration.Реакцией анионарилирования синтезированы продукты, содержащие сульфаниламидный фрагмент. Взаимодействием тетрафторобората 4-сульфамидофенилдиазония с акриламидом, стиролом и фумаровой кислотой в каталитических условиях получены 3-(4-сульфамидофенил)-2-тиоцианато(бром) пропанамиды, 4-(2-тиоцианато(бром, хлор)-2-фенилэтил)бензолсульфонамиды, 2-(4-сульфамидофенил) фумаровая и 2-бром-3-(4-сульфамидофенил)бутандиовая кислоты с выходами 36-82%. Конкурирующим процессом реакции анионарилирования является образование продуктов реакции Зандмейера – 4 (изо) тиоцианато(хлор, бром)бензолсульфамидов. В случае тиоцианатоарилирования фумаровой кислоты селективно образуется продукт арилирования – 2-(4-сульфамидофенил)фумаровая кислота. Структура синтезированных соединений подтверждена данными ИК- и ЯМР 1Н-спектров. Исследовано противомикробное действие этих соединений относительно музейных штаммов стафилококков, кишечных палочек, аэробных бацилл и дрожжевых грибов. Установлено, что сульфамидные производные характеризуются противомикробной активностью, которая наиболее выражена для арилалкильних тиоцианатов на основе акриламида. Проведенные исследования подтвердили положительное влияние введения сульфаниламидного фрагмента в структуру продуктов анионарилирования непредельных соединений на расширение спектра их противомикробной активности и уменьшение значений минимальных ингибирующих концентраций.Реакцією аніонарилювання синтезовані продукти, що містять сульфаніламідний фрагмент. Взаємодією тетрафлуороборату 4-сульфамідофенілдіазонію із акриламідом, стиреном і фумаровою кислотою в умовах купрокаталізу одержані 3-(4-сульфамідофеніл)-2-тіоціанато(бромо)пропанаміди, 4-(2-тіоціанато(бромо,хлоро)2-фенілетил)бензенсульфонаміди, 2-(4-сульфамідофеніл)фумарова і 2-бромо-3-(4-сульфамідофеніл)бутандіова кислоти з виходами 36-82%. Конкуруючим процесом реакції аніонарилювання є утворення продуктів реакції Зандмейєра – 4-(ізо)тіоціанато(хлоро, бромо)бензенсульфонамідів. У випадку тіоціанатоарилювання фумарової кислоти селективно утворюється продукт арилювання – 2-(4-сульфамідофеніл)фумарова кислота. Структура синтезованих сполук підтверджена даними ІЧ- та ЯМР 1Н-спектрів. Досліджено антимікробну дію цих сполук відносно музейних штамів стафілококів, кишкових паличок, аеробних бацил, псевдомонад та дріжджових грибів. Встановлено, що сульфаніламідні похідні характеризуються антибактеріальною та протигрибковою активністю, яка найбільш виражена для арилалкільних тіоціанатів на основі акриламіду. Проведені дослідження підтвердили позитивний вплив введення сульфаніламідного фрагменту в структуру продуктів аніонарилювання ненасичених сполук на розширення спектра антимікробної активності і зменшення значень мінімальних інгібуючих концентрацій

Single-cell Hi-C reveals cell-to-cell variability in chromosome structure.

Large-scale chromosome structure and spatial nuclear arrangement have been linked to control of gene expression and DNA replication and repair. Genomic techniques based on chromosome conformation capture (3C) assess contacts for millions of loci simultaneously, but do so by averaging chromosome conformations from millions of nuclei. Here we introduce single-cell Hi-C, combined with genome-wide statistical analysis and structural modelling of single-copy X chromosomes, to show that individual chromosomes maintain domain organization at the megabase scale, but show variable cell-to-cell chromosome structures at larger scales. Despite this structural stochasticity, localization of active gene domains to boundaries of chromosome territories is a hallmark of chromosomal conformation. Single-cell Hi-C data bridge current gaps between genomics and microscopy studies of chromosomes, demonstrating how modular organization underlies dynamic chromosome structure, and how this structure is probabilistically linked with genome activity patterns

Anti-Neuroinflammatory effects of the extract of Achillea fragrantissima

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The neuroinflammatory process plays a central role in the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and involves the activation of brain microglial cells. During the neuroinflammatory process, microglial cells release proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). In the present study, extracts from 66 different desert plants were tested for their effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced production of NO by primary microglial cells. The extract of <it>Achillea fragrantissima </it>(<it>Af</it>)<it/>, which is a desert plant that has been used for many years in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, was the most efficient extract, and was further studied for additional anti-neuroinflammatory effects in these cells.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In the present study, the ethanolic extract prepared from <it>Af </it>was tested for its anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated primary cultures of brain microglial cells. The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) secreted by the cells were determined by reverse transcriptase-PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. NO levels secreted by the activate cells were measured using Griess reagent, ROS levels were measured by 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA), MMP-9 activity was measured using gel zymography, and the protein levels of the proinflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured by Western blot analysis. Cell viability was assessed using Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the media conditioned by the cells or by the crystal violet cell staining.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have found that out of the 66 desert plants tested, the extract of <it>Af </it>was the most efficient extract and inhibited ~70% of the NO produced by the LPS-activated microglial cells, without affecting cell viability. In addition, this extract inhibited the LPS - elicited expression of the proinflammatory mediators IL-1β, TNFα, MMP-9, COX-2 and iNOS in these cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Thus, phytochemicals present in the <it>Af </it>extract could be beneficial in preventing/treating neurodegenerative diseases in which neuroinflammation is part of the pathophysiology.</p

HHEX is a transcriptional regulator of the VEGFC/FLT4/PROX1 signaling axis during vascular development.

Formation of the lymphatic system requires the coordinated expression of several key regulators: vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC), its receptor FLT4, and a key transcriptional effector, PROX1. Yet, how expression of these signaling components is regulated remains poorly understood. Here, using a combination of genetic and molecular approaches, we identify the transcription factor hematopoietically expressed homeobox (HHEX) as an upstream regulator of VEGFC, FLT4, and PROX1 during angiogenic sprouting and lymphatic formation in vertebrates. By analyzing zebrafish mutants, we found that hhex is necessary for sprouting angiogenesis from the posterior cardinal vein, a process required for lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, studies of mammalian HHEX using tissue-specific genetic deletions in mouse and knockdowns in cultured human endothelial cells reveal its highly conserved function during vascular and lymphatic development. Our findings that HHEX is essential for the regulation of the VEGFC/FLT4/PROX1 axis provide insights into the molecular regulation of lymphangiogenesis

Invasive Prenatal Diagnostic Testing Recommendations are Influenced by Maternal Age, Statistical Misconception and Perceived Liability

Funding policy and medico-legal climate are part of physicians’ reality and might permeate clinical decisions. This study evaluates the influence of maternal age and government funding on obstetrician/gynecologist recommendation for invasive prenatal testing (i.e. amniocentesis) for Down syndrome (DS), and its association with the physician’s assessment of the risk of liability for medical malpractice unless they recommend amniocentesis. Israeli physicians (N = 171) completed a questionnaire and provided amniocentesis recommendations for women at 18 weeks gestation with normal preliminary screening results, identical except aged 28 and 37. Amniocentesis recommendations were reversed for the younger (‘yes’ regardless of testing results: 6.4%; ‘no’ regardless of testing results: 31.6%) versus older woman (‘yes’ regardless of testing results: 40.9%; ‘no’ regardless of testing results: 7.0%; χ2 = 71.55, p < .01). About half of the physicians endorsed different recommendations per scenario; of these, 65.6% recommended amniocentesis regardless of testing results for the 37-year-old woman. Physicians routinely performing amniocentesis and those advocating for amniocentesis for all women ≥ age 35 were approximately twice as likely to vary their recommendations per scenario. Physicians who perceived risk of liability for malpractice as large were nearly one-and-a-half times more likely to vary recommendations. The results indicate physicians’ recommendations are influenced by maternal age, though age is already incorporated in prenatal DS risk evaluations. The physician’s assessment of the risk that they will be sued unless they recommend amniocentesis may contribute to this spurious influence

Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays

The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a complex process that plays important roles in growth and development, tissue and organ regeneration, as well as numerous pathological conditions. Angiogenesis undergoes multiple discrete steps that can be individually evaluated and quantified by a large number of bioassays. These independent assessments hold advantages but also have limitations. This article describes in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro bioassays that are available for the evaluation of angiogenesis and highlights critical aspects that are relevant for their execution and proper interpretation. As such, this collaborative work is the first edition of consensus guidelines on angiogenesis bioassays to serve for current and future reference

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Palladium Nanoparticle Hydrogen Sensor

An innovative hydrogen sensor based on palladium (Pd) nanoparticle networks is described in the article. Made by Applied Nanotech Inc. sensor has a fast response time, in the range of seconds, which is increased at 80 °C due to higher hydrogen diffusion rates into the palladium lattice. The low detection limit of the sensor is 10 ppm of H2, and the high limit is 40,000 ppm. This is 100% of a lowest flammability level of hydrogen. This range of sensitivities complies with the requirements that one would expect for a reliable hydrogen sensor