Application of a functional model for the modernization of devices designed to eliminate emergency oil spills

The article describes the stages of creation and composition of the functional model, which can be used for the design of oil spill response devices. The principle of operation of the functional model given in the article and it's graphical scheme are show

PAX2 Regulates ADAM10 Expression and Mediates Anchorage-Independent Cell Growth of Melanoma Cells

PAX transcription factors play an important role during development and carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated PAX2 protein levels in melanocytes and melanoma cells by Western Blot and immunofluorescence analysis and characterized the role of PAX2 in the pathogenesis of melanoma. In vitro we found weak PAX2 protein expression in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Compared to melanocytes increased PAX2 protein levels were detectable in melanoma cell lines. Interestingly, in tissue sections of melanoma patients nuclear PAX2 expression strongly correlated with nuclear atypia and the degree of prominent nucleoli, indicating an association of PAX2 with a more atypical cellular phenotype. In addition, with chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, PAX2 overexpression and PAX2 siRNA we present compelling evidence that PAX2 can regulate ADAM10 expression, a metalloproteinase known to play important roles in melanoma metastasis. In human tissue samples we found co-expression of PAX2 and ADAM10 in melanocytes of benign nevi and in melanoma cells of patients with malignant melanoma. Importantly, the downregulation of PAX2 by specific siRNA inhibited the anchorage independent cell growth and decreased the migratory and invasive capacity of melanoma cells. Furthermore, the downregulation of PAX2 abrogated the chemoresistance of melanoma cells against cisplatin, indicating that PAX2 expression mediates cell survival and plays important roles during melanoma progression

Onkogene und Tumorsuppressorgene in Ovarialkarzinomen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des c-erbB-2 Onkogens

Ovarialkarzinome haben aufgrund fehlender Frühsymptomatik und rascher intraperitonealer Ausbreitung eine sehr schlechte Prognose. Die Ausgangszellen für Ovarialkarzinome sind die Ovaroberflächenepithelien, die wahrscheinlich durch aufeinanderfolgende genetische Alterationen von Onkogenen und Tumorsuppressorgenen mit einer zentralen Rolle bei der Wachstumsregulation, in Karzinomzellen transformiert werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Funktion von zwei Rezeptortyrosinkinasen, des c-erbB-2 Onkogenproduktes und des Rezeptors für den insulin-ähnlichen Wachstumsfaktor, in Ovarialkarzinomzellen analysiert. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, daß über diese Rezeptoren in Ovarialkarzinomzellen Funktionen vermittelt werdem, die in vivo Tumorwachstum und Tumorprogression begünstigen können. Dies sind Zellproliferation, Transformation und Zellmotilität. Daher besteht vielleicht zukünftig die Möglichkeit die Hemmung dieser Rezeptortyrosinkinasen für die Therapie des Ovarialkarzinoms zu nutzen. Weiterhin wurden Änderungen des Genexpressionsprofils zwischen Normalovar und Ovarialkarzinomen durch eine Microarray-basierte Technik untersucht. Aufgrund dieser Daten konnte das Caveolin-1 Gen (CAV1) als wahrscheinliches Tumorsuppressorgen in Ovar und Weichgewebe charakterisiert werden. Das CAV1 Gen ist in Ovarialkarzinomen und Sarkomen wahrscheinlich reversibel durch epigenetische Mechanismen abreguliert und nicht durch genetische Mutationen (sog. Klasse II Tumorsuppressorgen). Es könnte in Zukunft möglich sein, Klasse II Suppressorgene wie CAV1 in Ovarialkarzinomen und Sarkomen wieder zu exprimieren und die Hemmung des Zellwachstums therapeutisch zu nutzen.Ovarian cancer is the most lethal cancer of the female genital tract due to the notorious lack of early symptoms and rapid initial peritoneal spreading of the disease. The majority of ovarian carcinomas are believed to arise from the ovarian surface epithelium by subsequent genetic alterations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that have an important role in cell growth regulation. In these studies, the function of the c-erbB-2 oncogene product and the insulin-like growth factor receptor I tyrosine kinases were analyzed in ovarian cancer cell lines. It is shown that these receptors are able to mediate functions in ovarian cancer cell lines that may increase tumor growth and tumor progression in vivo. The relevant functions enhanced are cell proliferation, transformation and tumor cell motility. Therefore, it may be possible to use the inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases in future therapies of human ovarian cancer. In addition, the alterations of gene expression between normal ovary and serous ovarian cancer were analyzed using micro-array techniques. In these experiments the caveolin-1 gene (CAV1) was identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in the ovary and in soft tissues. The CAV1 gene is probably in-activated in ovarian carcinomas and soft tissue sarcomas by epigenetic mechanisms rather by genetic mutations. As defined by the reversible down-regulation of CAV1, it is likely to be an important class II tumor suppressor gene. It may be possible to up-regulate the expression of class II tumor suppressor genes like CAV1 in ovarian cancer and soft tissue sarcomas to use its growth inhibitory properties for future therapies

ADAM10 is upregulated in melanoma metastasis compared with primary melanoma

ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10) is involved in the ectodomain shedding of various substrates, including adhesion molecules such as L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1-CAM) and CD44, which are known to have important roles in the development of malignant melanoma. In our study, we characterized the expression of ADAM10 in melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis on tissue microarrays indicated that ADAM10 expression was significantly elevated in melanoma metastasis compared with primary melanomas. In vitro downregulation of ADAM10 with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in a suppression of the anchorage-independent cell growth and reduced the migration of melanoma cells. In addition, overexpression of ADAM10 induced the migration of melanoma cells. In cell lines from melanoma patients with metastasis, ADAM10 was significantly overexpressed, and ADAM10 expression correlated with increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, we present evidence that ADAM10 is involved in the release of L1-CAM from melanoma cells. It is important that knockdown of cellular L1-CAM reduced the migration of melanoma cells and abrogated the chemoresistance against cisplatin. In contrast, soluble L1-CAM had no effect on melanoma cell migration or cell survival. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ADAM10 and L1-CAM have important roles during melanoma progression and both molecules represent attractive targets for therapeutical intervention of melanomas.Journal of Investigative Dermatology advance online publication, 29 October 2009; doi:10.1038/jid.2009.335

CXCL16 Is Expressed in Podocytes and Acts as a Scavenger Receptor for Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein

Podocytes are a crucial cell type in the kidney and play an important role in the pathology of glomerular kidney diseases like membranous nephropathy (MN). The identification of new factors involved in the progression of glomerular kidney diseases is of great importance to the development of new strategies for the treatment of renal injury. Here we demonstrate that CXCL16 and ADAM10 are constitutively expressed in human podocytes in normal renal tissue. Proinflammatory cytokines like interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α induced the expression of cellular CXCL16 and the release of its soluble form from human podocytes. Using different metalloproteinase inhibitors, we provide evidence that ADAM10 is involved in the interferon-γ- and tumor necrosis factor-α-induced shedding of CXCL16 from human podocytes. In addition, ADAM10 knockdown by siRNA significantly increased both CXCL16 levels and, surprisingly, its ADAM17-mediated release. Notably, targeting of CXCL16 in human podocytes both decreased the chemotaxis of CXCR6-expressing T cells and strongly reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake in human podocytes. Importantly, in kidney biopsies of patients with MN, increased glomerular CXCL16 expression was accompanied by high levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and decreased expression of ADAM10. In addition, we found increased glomerular ADAM17 expression in patients diagnosed with MN. In summary, we presume important roles for CXCL16, ADAM10, and ADAM17 in the development of MN, suggesting these proteins as new therapeutic targets in this glomerular kidney disease