Biometric traits as a tool for the identification and breeding of coffea canephora genotypes

grants n. 84320893 grants n. 420789/2016-2 n. 304687/2017-0 E-26/202.323/2017 UID/04129/2020 UIDP/04035/2020Cross-pollination and gametophytic self-incompatibility reduce the stability of Coffea canephora genotypes. This is an important crop for Brazil, the largest producer of this type of coffee and also a major exporter. The study of biometric characteristics is essential to assist in the selection of promising plant materials. We examined the diversity of morpho-agronomic traits of genotypes of C. canephora cv. Conilon through the evaluation of branch and leaf parameters. Assessments included plagiotropic branch length, number of nodes in plagiotropic branches, distance between nodes in plagiotropic branches, orthotropic branch length, number of nodes in orthotropic branch, distance between nodes in orthotropic branch, plant height, canopy diameter, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area in two periods. The data from the 43 coffee genotypes were tested by multivariate and cluster analyses. Six groups were formed by the Tocher optimization method, and five groups by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) hierarchical method, suggesting an important genetic variability among plant materials. Both Tocher optimization and UPGMA hierarchical methods were consistent for clustering the genotypes, ordering them in six and five dissimilar groups, respectively, with genotypes 25 and 37 standing out with the greatest dissimilarity, constituting isolated groups by both methods. Pearson’s correlation ranged from very weak to very strong, positive and negative, among the characteristics, as also shown by principal component analyses. These analyses indicated the morpho-agronomic traits with a greater degree of correlation, assisting in the choice of promising plant materials. The genetic parameters estimates demonstrate genetic variability and thus breeding potential within the Conilon coffee genotypes studied. These results emphasize the usefulness of biometric evaluations as a tool for the identification and breeding of genotypes to compose new Conilon coffee cultivars.publishersversionpublishe

Growth and yield of Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glass. in response to light gradients

This research studied growth and yield of Syagrus schizophylla, an extinction-endangered ornamental palm, grown under five light gradients. The treatments were: G1 - PAR=1234.10 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G2 - PAR=913.16 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G3 - PAR=666.34 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G4 - PAR=419.56 μmol photons m-2 s-1 and G5 - PAR=534.77 μmol photons m-2s-1. Before the experiment and at three, five and seven months of treatment, growth (plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves, petiole length, leaf length and width), gas exchange, chlorophyll a, and leaf green color intensity were assessed. The highest net photosynthetic rates were observed in plants under G2, G3 and G4. Values of maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) over 0.75 were observed under G2. At seven months, estimated SPAD values were 36 in G2 plants and 32 in G1 plants. According to the Dickson quality index (DQI), presented the highest growth and development rates. We conclude that G2 suits plants to be transplanted into the field, whereas G3 would be best for plants grown under shade environments. Highlights: Syagrus schizophylla is an extinction endangered ornamental palm. One layer of Red Chromatinet® 50% should be recommended for the first year of growth of schizophylla plants to be later transplanted to the field. Two Red Chromatinet® 50% layers would be best for plants meant to grow under shade environments. The highest net photosynthetic rates were observed in plants under G2, G3 and G4.This research studied growth and yield of Syagrus schizophylla, an extinction-endangered ornamental palm, grown under five light gradients. The treatments were: G1 - PAR=1234.10 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G2 - PAR=913.16 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G3 - PAR=666.34 μmol photons m-2 s-1, G4 - PAR=419.56 μmol photons m-2 s-1 and G5 - PAR=534.77 μmol photons m-2s-1. Before the experiment and at three, five and seven months of treatment, growth (plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves, petiole length, leaf length and width), gas exchange, chlorophyll a, and leaf green color intensity were assessed. The highest net photosynthetic rates were observed in plants under G2, G3 and G4. Values of maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) over 0.75 were observed under G2. At seven months, estimated SPAD values were 36 in G2 plants and 32 in G1 plants. According to the Dickson quality index (DQI), presented the highest growth and development rates. We conclude that G2 suits plants to be transplanted into the field, whereas G3 would be best for plants grown under shade environments. Highlights: Syagrus schizophylla is an extinction endangered ornamental palm. One layer of Red Chromatinet® 50% should be recommended for the first year of growth of schizophylla plants to be later transplanted to the field. Two Red Chromatinet® 50% layers would be best for plants meant to grow under shade environments. The highest net photosynthetic rates were observed in plants under G2, G3 and G4

Efecto de reguladores de crecimiento en la maduración de los frutos y calidad de la bebida de café

Objetivou-se a obtenção de maior uniformidade na maturação dos frutos colhidos por meio da aplicação dos reguladores de crescimento Ethephon e Mathury™, visando à melhoria da qualidade das bebidas de café. Foi utilizada a cultivar Tupi Amarelo (IAC 5162), plantada em dezembro de 2008. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, sendo empregados cinco tratamentos: T1- Aplicação de Mathury™ aos 113 dias anteriores à colheita (DAC); T2- Aplicação de Mathury™ aos 85 DAC; T3- Aplicação de Mathury™ aos 57 DAC; T4- Aplicação de Ethephon quando as plantas apresentavam 30% de frutos cereja e T5- Testemunha (sem aplicações). Após a classificação pelo percentual de maturação dos frutos, selecionaram-se os que foram classificados como cereja; estes foram secos e submetidos às análises: seleção por tamanho; classificação por tipo de defeitos; açúcares; sólido solúveis; condutividade elétrica; lixiviação de potássio; acidez titulável; extrato etéreo; pH e análise sensorial. Verificou-se diferença significativa quanto à maturação dos frutos, observando um aumento de 57% da porcentagem de frutos cereja e redução de 89% de frutos passa quando aplicado o Ethephon. Embora tenha havido diferenças na porcentagem de maturação dos frutos e nas análises físico-quimicas, conclui-se que tais diferenças não influenciaram na qualidade da bebida de café, uma vez que obteve o mesmo padrão de classificação na análise sensorial.This study aimed to obtain more uniform ripening of the fruits harvested by applying growth regulators Ethephon and Mathury™, aimed at improving the quality of coffee drinks. Was used to cultivate Tupi Yellow (IAC 5162), planted in December 2008. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, being employed five treatments: T1 Application Mathury™ to 113 days prior to collection (DAC); T2 Application Mathury™ after 85 DAC; T3 Application Mathury™ after 57 DAC; T4 Ethephon application when the plants were 30% of cherry fruit and T5- Control (without applications). After sorting the fruit maturation percentage, we selected those who were classified as cherry; these were dried and submitted to analysis: selection by size; classification by type of defects; sugars; solid soluble; electrical conductivity; potassium leaching; titratable acidity; ether extract; pH and sensory analysis. There was a significant difference in the ripening of fruits, noting an increase of 57% the percentage of cherry fruit and 89% reduction of fruit goes through when applied Ethephon. While there have been differences in the percentage of fruit maturation and the physical-chemical analysis, it is concluded that such differences did not influence the coffee beverage quality as it achieved the same standard classification panel test.Se objetivó la obtención de mayor uniformidad en la maduración de los frutos cosechados por medio de la aplicación de los reguladores de crecimiento Ethephon y Mathury ™, buscando la mejora de la calidad de las bebidas de café. Se utilizó la cultivación Tupi Amarillo (IAC 5162), plantada en diciembre de 2008. El delineamiento experimental fue el de bloques casualizados, siendo empleados cinco tratamientos: T1- Aplicación de Mathury ™ a los 113 días anteriores a la cosecha (DAC); T2- Aplicación de Mathury ™ a los 85 DAC; T3- Aplicación de Mathury ™ a los 57 DAC; T4- Aplicación de Ethephon cuando las plantas presentaban 30% de frutos cereza y T5- Testigo (sin aplicaciones). Después de la clasificación por el porcentaje de maduración de los frutos, se seleccionaron los que fueron clasificados como cereza; estos fueron secos y sometidos a los análisis: selección por tamaño; clasificación por tipo de defectos; azúcares; sólidos solubles; conductividad eléctrica; lixiviación de potasio; acidez titulable; el extracto etéreo; pH y análisis sensorial. Se verificó una diferencia significativa en cuanto a la maduración de los frutos, observando un aumento del 57% del porcentaje de frutos cereza y reducción del 89% de frutos pasa cuando se aplica el Ethephon. Aunque hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de maduración de los frutos y en los análisis físico-químicos, se concluyó que tales diferencias no influenciaron en la calidad de la bebida de café, ya que obtuvo el mismo patrón de clasificación en el análisis sensorial

Efeito da enxertia e do nematoide Meloidogyne exigua sobre o crescimento radicular e a produtividade de cafeeiros

The State of Rio de Janeiro was once the main coffee producer in Brazil, but the infestation of nematodes (Meloidogyne exigua) has caused the production decline since the nineteenth century. The use of resistant cultivars is the main measure nematode control, and the resistant genotypes can be used both grafted or not. Coffea canephora is nematode resistant and it has a more developed root system compared to C. arabica. In this study, we evaluated the root development and yield of different cultivars of C. arabica grafted (on Apoatã IAC 2258) or not, established in areas infested (CN) by, or free (SN) of M. exigua. The genotypes in the CN area had shorter roots than those in the SN area. The not-grafted Tupi and Catuai red 144 showed thicker roots in the CN area, but they were the thinner when grafted. In the CN area the average yield of six seasons for not-grafted susceptible genotypes was up to 55% less than of those genotypes grafted on IAC Apoatã 2258. In the SN area the grafted genotypes produced 41.2% less than the not-grafted ones. O estado do Rio de Janeiro já se destacou como principal produtor de café do País, tendo a infestação dos nematoides de galhas (Meloidogyne exigua) provocado a decadência da cafeicultura desde o século XIX. O uso de cultivares resistentes é a principal medida de controle dos nematoides, podendo-se usar materiais resistentes em pés- francos ou enxertados. Além de resistência aos nematoides, a espécie Coffea canephora apresenta um sistema radicular mais desenvolvido quando comparado a C. arabica, o que pode contribuir para incremento na produção. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento radicular e a produtividade de diferentes genótipos de C. arabica em pés -francos e enxertados (sobre IAC Apoatã 2258), numa área isenta (SN) e em outra infestada (CN) por M. exigua. Os genótipos da área CN apresentaram menores valores de comprimento de raiz quando comparados à área SN. Os genótipos em pés- francos Tupi e Catuaí vermelho 144 na área CN apresentaram maiores valores de diâmetro das raízes e menores valores quando enxertados. A produtividade média de seis safras de genótipos em pés- francos suscetíveis a M. exigua produziram até 2,47 vezes menos quando comparada aos genótipos enxertados sobre IAC Apoatã 2258, na área CN e os genótipos, quando enxertados, produziram até 41,2% menos que em pés-francos, na área SN

Estudo, caracterização e aplicação de argilas esmectíticas para utilização em processos de remoção óleo/água / Study, characterization and application of clays for use in oil / water removal processes

É grande a preocupação com o lançamento de resíduos oleosos, no meio ambiente principalmente por seus efeitos nocivos à saúde humana. Emulsões óleo/água são os principais poluentes emitidos pelos efluentes industriais e domésticos. As águas oleosas em canais subterrâneos e em zonas costeiras apresentam sérios problemas de poluição da água e necessitam urgentemente de soluções. Dentre as diversas formas de tratamento de efluentes poluídos por óleo destaca-se a adsorção, reconhecida como um método eficaz e econômico para o tratamento de águas oleosas. A adsorção é um fenômeno físico-químico de superfície no qual uma substância de fase líquida ou gasosa é transferida para uma de fase sólida, permanecendo ligada por interações físicas ou químicas. Neste sentido, a utilização de argilominerais como adsorvente tem-se mostrado interessante devido às propriedades destes materiais, apresentando assim grande relevância para a área ambiental. Neste trabalho, a argila bentonita denominada Brasgel foi caracterizada, e estudada como adsorvente no processo de remoção de óleo. A argila foi caracterizada a partir das técnicas Difração de raios X (DRX) para identificar a estrutura do material e Espectroscopia de Fluorescência de Raios X por Energia Dispersiva (EDX) para determinação da composição química do material em termos qualitativo e semi-quantitativo. O teste de capacidade de adsorção e inchamento de Foster indicaram o elevado potencial que a argila bentonita tem como adsorvente

Biomass and leaf acclimations to ultraviolet solar radiation in juvenile plants of Coffea arabica and C. Canephora

E-26/202.323/2017 E-26/202.759/2018 E-26/210.309/2018 E-26/210.037/2020 PV 312959/2019-2 PQ 300996/2016 PVS 00583/20 UID/04129/2020 Funding Information: The authors acknowledge Funda??o Carlos Chagas de Apoio ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (Grants E-26/202.323/2017, WPR; E-26/202.759/2018, E-26/210.309/2018 and E-26/210.037/2020, EC), CNPq (awarded the fellowships: PV 312959/2019-2, MR; PQ 300996/2016, EC), and PVS 00583/20, EC FAPEMA (Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico do Maranh?o), all from Brazil. Support from Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia I.P., Portugal, to J.C.R. through the units UID/04129/2020 (CEF) and UIDP/04035/2020 (GeoBioTec) is also greatly acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Despite the negative impacts of increased ultraviolet radiation intensity on plants, these organisms continue to grow and produce under the increased environmental UV levels. We hypothe-sized that ambient UV intensity can generate acclimations in plant growth, leaf morphology, and photochemical functioning in modern genotypes of Coffea arabica and C. canephora. Coffee plants were cultivated for ca. six months in a mini greenhouse under either near ambient (UVam) or reduced (UVre) ultraviolet regimes. At the plant scale, C. canephora was substantially more impacted by UVam when compared to C. arabica, investing more carbon in all juvenile plant components than under UVre. When subjected to UVam, both species showed anatomic adjustments at the leaf scale, such as increases in stomatal density in C. canephora, at the abaxial and adaxial cuticles in both species, and abaxial epidermal thickening in C. arabica, although without apparent impact on the thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Surprisingly, C. arabica showed more efficient energy dissipation mechanism under UVam than C. canephora. UVam promoted elevated protective carotenoid content and a greater use of energy through photochemistry in both species, as reflected in the photochemical quenching increases. This was associated with an altered chlorophyll a/b ratio (significantly only in C. arabica) that likely promoted a greater capability to light energy capture. Therefore, UV levels promoted different modifications between the two Coffea sp. regarding plant biomass production and leaf morphology, including a few photochemical differences between species, suggesting that modifications at plant and leaf scale acted as an acclimation response to actual UV intensity.publishersversionpublishe

Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II to assist in the measurement of herbicide selectivity in popcorn

The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity/phytotoxicity of herbicides (mesotrione, nicosulfuron, and tembotrione) using the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II associated with biometric analyses. The experiment was conducted using three popcorn genotypes (BRS Angela, IAC-125 and UENF-14) and three herbicides (mesotrione, tembotrione and nicosulfuron, and a control treatment “WITH WEEDING?”. The quantum yield of photosystem II was obtained through a modulated light portable fluorometer MINI-PAM, from the chlorophyll a fluorescence. Regarding the biometric analyses, the following characteristics were evaluated: a) number medium of ears of the corn, b) grain yield in kg ha-1, c) average weight of 100 grains, and d) popping expansion. The genotypes were sensitive to tembotrione with higher intensity for the IAC - 125. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II showed useful tool for studies of selectivity / phytotoxicity symptoms of herbicides used

Exploring the Potential of Heterosis to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Popcorn Plants

Nitrogen is crucial for plant growth and development, and improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a viable strategy for reducing dependence on nitrogen inputs and promoting sustainability. While the benefits of heterosis in corn are well known, the physiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in popcorn are less understood. We aimed to investigate the effects of heterosis on growth and physiological traits in four popcorn lines and their hybrids under two contrasting nitrogen conditions. We evaluated morpho-agronomic and physiological traits such as leaf pigments, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, and leaf gas exchange. Components associated with NUE were also evaluated. N deprivation caused reductions of up to 65% in terms of plant architecture, 37% in terms of leaf pigments, and 42% in terms of photosynthesis-related traits. Heterosis had significant effects on growth traits, NUE, and foliar pigments, particularly under low soil nitrogen conditions. N-utilization efficiency was found to be the mechanism favoring superior hybrid performance for NUE. Non-additive genetic effects were predominant in controlling the studied traits, indicating that exploring heterosis is the most effective strategy for obtaining superior hybrids to promote NUE. The findings are relevant and beneficial for agro farmers seeking sustainable agricultural practices and improved crop productivity through the optimization of nitrogen utilization

Comparison of selection traits for effective popcorn (Zea mays L. var. Everta) breeding under water limiting conditions

Climate change is expected to intensify water restriction to crops, impacting on the yield potential of crops such as popcorn. This work aimed to evaluate the performance of 10 field cultivated popcorn inbred lines during two growing seasons, under well-watered (WW) and water stressed (WS) (ψsoil≥ -1.5 MPa) conditions. Water stress was applied by withholding irrigation in the phenological phase of male pre-anthesis. Additionally, two contrasting inbred lines, P7 (superior line) and L75 (low performer) were compared for grain yield (GY) and expanded popcorn volume (EPV), selected from previous studies, were tested under greenhouse conditions. In the field, no genotype x water condition x crop season (G×WC×CS) interaction was observed, whereas GY (-51%), EPV (-55%) and leaf greenness (SPAD index) measured 17 days after anthesis (DAA) (> -10%) were highly affected by water limitation. In general, root traits (angles, number, and density) presented G×WC×CS interaction, which did not support their use as selection parameters. In relation to leaf senescence, for both WS and WW conditions, the superior inbred lines maintained a stay-green condition (higher SPAD index) until physiological maturity, but maximum SPAD index values were observed later in WW (48.7 by 14 DAA) than in WS (43.9 by 7 DAA). Under both water conditions, negative associations were observed between SPAD index values 15 and 8 days before anthesis DBA), and GY and EPV (r ≥ -0.69), as well as between SPAD index 7, 17, and 22 DAA, and angles of brace root (AB), number of crown roots (NC) and crown root density (CD), in WS (r ≥ -0.69), and AB and CD, in WW (r ≥ -0.70). Lower NC and CD values may allow further root deepening in WS conditions. Under WS P7 maintained higher net photosynthesis values, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, than L75. Additionally, L75 exhibited a lower (i.e., more negative) carbon isotope composition value than P7 under WS, confirming a lower stomatal aperture in L75. In summary, besides leaf greenness, traits related to leaf photosynthetic status, and stomatal conductance were shown to be good indicators of the agronomic performance of popcorn under water constraint

Photosynthetic capacity, leaf respiration and growth in two papaya (Carica papaya) genotypes with different leaf chlorophyll concentrations

StudiesGolden genotype of papaya (Carica papaya), named for its yellowish leaves, produces fruits very much appreciated by consumers worldwide. However, its growth and yield are considerably lower than those of other genotypes, such as ‘Sunrise Solo’, which has intensely green leaves. We undertook an investigation with the goal of evaluating key physiological traits that can affect biomass accumulation of both Golden and Sunrise Solo genotypes. Papaya seeds from two different genotypes with contrasting leaf colour ‘Sunrise Solo’ and Golden were grown in greenhouse conditions. Plant growth (plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, plant dry weight), leaf gas exchanges, leaf carbon balance, RuBisCO oxygenation and carboxylation rates, nitrogen, as well as chlorophyll concentrations and fluorescence variables were assessed. Although no significant differences were observed for photosynthetic rates between genotypes, the accumulation of small differences in photosynthesis, day after day, over a long period, might contribute to some extend to a higher C-budget in Sunrise Solo, higher leaf area and, thus, to higher productivity. Additionally, we consider that physiological processes other than photosynthesis and leaf respiration can be as well involved in lower growth and yield of Golden. One of these aspects could be related to the higher rates of photorespiration observed in Sunrise Solo, which could improve the rate of N assimilation into organic compounds, such as amino acids, thus contributing to the higher biomass production in Sunrise Solo relative to Golden. Further experiments to evaluate the effects of N metabolism on physiology and growth of Golden are required as it has the potential to limit its yieldinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio