83 research outputs found

    Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume

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    The hippocampal formation is a brain structure integrally involved in episodic memory, spatial navigation, cognition and stress responsiveness. Structural abnormalities in hippocampal volume and shape are found in several common neuropsychiatric disorders. To identify the genetic underpinnings of hippocampal structure here we perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 33,536 individuals and discover six independent loci significantly associated with hippocampal volume, four of them novel. Of the novel loci, three lie within genes (ASTN2, DPP4 and MAST4) and one is found 200 kb upstream of SHH. A hippocampal subfield analysis shows that a locus within the MSRB3 gene shows evidence of a localized effect along the dentate gyrus, subiculum, CA1 and fissure. Further, we show that genetic variants associated with decreased hippocampal volume are also associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (rg =-0.155). Our findings suggest novel biological pathways through which human genetic variation influences hippocampal volume and risk for neuropsychiatric illness

    Genetic architecture of subcortical brain structures in 38,851 individuals

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    Subcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in almost 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and UK Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 48 significantly associated loci (40 novel at the time of analysis). Annotation of these loci by utilizing gene expression, methylation and neuropathological data identified 199 genes putatively implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, inflammation/infection and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease

    Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association

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    Intracranial volume reflects the maximally attained brain size during development, and remains stable with loss of tissue in late life. It is highly heritable, but the underlying genes remain largely undetermined. In a genome-wide association study of 32,438 adults, we discovered five novel loci for intracranial volume and confirmed two known signals. Four of the loci are also associated with adult human stature, but these remained associated with intracranial volume after adjusting for height. We found a high genetic correlation with child head circumference (ρgenetic=0.748), which indicated a similar genetic background and allowed for the identification of four additional loci through meta-analysis (Ncombined = 37,345). Variants for intracranial volume were also related to childhood and adult cognitive function, Parkinson’s disease, and enriched near genes involved in growth pathways including PI3K–AKT signaling. These findings identify biological underpinnings of intracranial volume and provide genetic support for theories on brain reserve and brain overgrowth

    Exploration of Shared Genetic Architecture Between Subcortical Brain Volumes and Anorexia Nervosa

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    Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

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    Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

    The effect of the Covid-pandemic on pastoral counseling within the Church of Sweden : A study on adapted pastoral counseling converted from physical to digitalized meetings

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    This essay has examined the transition from physical pastoral care conversations to digitalized ones and the experience of it in the workplace. The thesis for this essay is the following; how has the pastoral care conversations continued during the pandemic, and what advantages and disadvantages has the informants experienced in the transition from physical pastoral care conversations to digitalized meetings? The study has been conducted through qualitative semi-structured interviews with a selection of priests and deacons within the Church of Sweden. The main questions that have been asked are: 1. How has the pastoral care meetings practically taken place during the pandemic? 2. What thoughts and experiences has the informants had to the transition from physical to digitized pastoral care meetings? 3. What advantages and disadvantages has this in turn meant for the work with pastoral care? Each interview has been transcribed and then analyzed through a so-called content analysis. This type of analysis has been helpful in being able to pick out relevant themes from the material that have been keys within the interviews. From the analysis, there was four themes that stood out, which were: openness, access, problematics and challenge. The first two categories deal with the informants' experience of the transition as an advantage, while the two latter one’s points to disadvantages that arises with the digitalized transition in their work. The analysis from the interviews showed that one does not exclude the other, that the transition is not just a disadvantage or the other way around, but rather that the two are connected. Instead, both of them help the congregations to create new ways to continue being a church for the community. Reaching out and responding to peoples need to converse and to feel connected even though they have been isolated. The conclusion shows that the advantages and disadvantages have helped bringing the Church to the people when physical meetings are limited or cut off completely due to restrictions within the society. The analysis has also shown the difficulties that these informants have battled with and how they have handled them

    The effect of the Covid-pandemic on pastoral counseling within the Church of Sweden : A study on adapted pastoral counseling converted from physical to digitalized meetings

    No full text
    This essay has examined the transition from physical pastoral care conversations to digitalized ones and the experience of it in the workplace. The thesis for this essay is the following; how has the pastoral care conversations continued during the pandemic, and what advantages and disadvantages has the informants experienced in the transition from physical pastoral care conversations to digitalized meetings? The study has been conducted through qualitative semi-structured interviews with a selection of priests and deacons within the Church of Sweden. The main questions that have been asked are: 1. How has the pastoral care meetings practically taken place during the pandemic? 2. What thoughts and experiences has the informants had to the transition from physical to digitized pastoral care meetings? 3. What advantages and disadvantages has this in turn meant for the work with pastoral care? Each interview has been transcribed and then analyzed through a so-called content analysis. This type of analysis has been helpful in being able to pick out relevant themes from the material that have been keys within the interviews. From the analysis, there was four themes that stood out, which were: openness, access, problematics and challenge. The first two categories deal with the informants' experience of the transition as an advantage, while the two latter one’s points to disadvantages that arises with the digitalized transition in their work. The analysis from the interviews showed that one does not exclude the other, that the transition is not just a disadvantage or the other way around, but rather that the two are connected. Instead, both of them help the congregations to create new ways to continue being a church for the community. Reaching out and responding to peoples need to converse and to feel connected even though they have been isolated. The conclusion shows that the advantages and disadvantages have helped bringing the Church to the people when physical meetings are limited or cut off completely due to restrictions within the society. The analysis has also shown the difficulties that these informants have battled with and how they have handled them

    To follow the state or the church : An analysis of Jugendweihe and the Evangelical church’s confirmation based on the situation in the G.D.R.

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    Studien har fokuserat pĂ„ vilka eventuella konsekvenser som kan ha uppstĂ„tt för den evangeliska kyrkans medlemmar i staten DDR. Uppsatsens problemformulering Ă€r: Vilka konsekvenser medförde ”Jugendweihe” för den evangeliska kyrkans medlemmar med hĂ€nseende till konfirmationen, mot bakgrund av relationen mellan kyrka och stat i Den tyska Demokratiska Republiken?    Undersökningen har utgĂ„tt frĂ„n den historiska kontexten och innefattar analyser av redan befintligt material. Syftet med uppsatsen har sĂ„ledes varit att undersöka om det uppstĂ„tt eventuella konsekvenser för kyrkligt tillhöriga inom en auktoritĂ€r socialistisk stat, sĂ„som DDR. Inledningsvis presenteras nĂ„gra delomrĂ„den, kommunism, DDR, Jugendweihe och konfirmation. DĂ€refter följer en presentation av kyrkans relation till staten i DDR. För att i efterföljande kapitel behandla problemformuleringens huvudomrĂ„den, Jugendweihe och konfirmationen.  GenomgĂ„ende i studien pĂ„visas implicita beskrivningar av statens samhĂ€llsförĂ€ndringar och hur det pĂ„verkat medborgarna. Undersökningen har med hjĂ€lp av analyser, redovisat vad det inneburit för kristna medlemmar och ungdomar att ta emot den kristna konfirmationen. Hur det i sin tur pĂ„verkat den enskilda individen, i skolverksamhet och i det vardagliga livet. Dock ska det inte förbigĂ„s att de ungdomar vars familjer genomgĂ„tt Jugendweihe, ocksĂ„ upplevde svĂ„ra situationer. Situationer som pĂ„verkade medlemmarnas religiositet och kyrkans identitet. RĂ€dslan för att gĂ„ förlorad i samhĂ€llet, att hamna i utanförskap blev en av de drivande faktorer som gjorde att befolkningen valde DDR:s sekulĂ€ra alternativ. BĂ„de nĂ€r det kom till Jugendweihe och andra sammanhang som exempelvis utbildning och arbete.  Resultatet frĂ„n undersökningen har redovisat för lĂ€saren att grupptryck ocksĂ„ varit en bidragande faktor till ungdomarnas val av att ta emot Jugendweihe. I det hĂ€r fallet handlade det om att ungdomarna följde det som enligt familjen och bekanta var rĂ€tt. Ungdomarna valde att gĂ„ den vĂ€g som andra hade gĂ„tt, för att inte sticka ut frĂ„n mĂ€ngden eller vara den som stöttes bort frĂ„n gruppen. SĂ„ledes kan studien pĂ„minna om att historien kan komma att Ă„terupprepas, om en inte Ă€r uppmĂ€rksam pĂ„ vad som hĂ€nder runtom. Att saker och ting inte alltid Ă€r som det först utger sig för att vara. Utan att det krĂ€vs att som mĂ€nniska vĂ„ga vara kritisk till det som sker i och utanför samhĂ€llet.

    Kapacitet & kravanalys för golfare : fysiska delkapaciteter

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    Syfte och frÄgestÀllningar Detta arbete Àr ett delmoment i kursen TrÀningslÀra 1, 7.5 hp pÄ trÀnarprogrammet pÄ Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan i Stockholm. Uppgiften Àr att skapa en krav- och kapacitetsanalys pÄ vÄr idrott. Min idrott Àr golf vilket mÄnga kanske inte ser som nÄgon fysisk "hÄrt" anstrÀngande sport, men pÄ senare Är har förstÄelsen för en breddning av trÀning ökat inte minst genom att tvÄ otroliga idrottsmÀnniskor som dominerar golfvÀrden just nu. De personer jag menar Àr inte helt ovÀntat Annika Sörenstam och Tiger Woods. Syftet Àr att försöka ta fram en kapacitetsanalys pÄ elitgolfare för att kunna skapa en kravprofil, och se vilka prestations krav som stÀlls för golfens fysiska delkapaciteter. I den första delen av detta arbete granskas vilka tester som har utförts i Sverige och den andra delen ska man fÄ en inblick i hur det ser ut i vÀrlden genom att granska vilken forskning som finns för fysisktrÀning för golfare. I detta arbete kommer jag inte att gÄ in pÄ teknik, taktik eller mentala delkapaciteter utan fokusera pÄ de fysiska, men det betyder inte att de fysiska Àr mer viktiga. För att lyckas inom golfen mÄste man se helhetsbilden! Metod Först har jag anvÀnt mig av kurslitteratur "Tests for elite athlethes" och "TrÀningslÀra" för att fÄ en grund att gÄ vidare ifrÄn. Sedan sökt information pÄ GIH:s bibliotek som Àr det största idrottsbiblioteket i Sverige. Jag har granskat frÀmst tvÄ databaser PUBMED och SportDiscus för vetenskapliga artiklar. I den första delen av detta arbete har jag tagit fram fystester som anvÀnds i Sverige pÄ ett golfgymnasium samt pÄ golfförbundet genom John Hellstöms "Golfpyramid" för att se vad som utförts och sedan granskat dess relevans. I den andra delen har jag tittat nÀrmare pÄ hur forskningen ser ut i vÀrlden genom vetenskapliga artiklar i Àmnet. Resultat I dag utförs kapacitetstester bÄde pÄ gym, golfklubbar, golfgymnasium, distriktslag, landslag osv. i Sverige och dessa Àr stÀndigt under arbete/utveckling. Det som visas tydligt Àr att fysisk trÀning har blivit allt viktigare inom golfen bÄde i Sverige och i hela vÀrlden. Jag har tagit fram vilka nÄgra tester som utförs pÄ delkapaciteterna rörlighet, koordination, styrka och aerob kapacitet i Sverige. De tester jag har granskat Àr ett golfgymnasium som har fÄ och grundlÀggande tester dÀrefter har jag kompletterat dessa tester med tester som utförs genom golfpyramid pÄ elitspelare, dessa Àr mer ingÄende, golf specifika och vÀldigt mÄnga. Forskningen stödjer att med hjÀlp av fysisk trÀning kan man slÄ lÀngre samt undvika skador, men forskningen sÀger inget om att det sÀnker scoren pÄ touren. De vanligaste skadorna för golfare Àr pÄ lÀndryggen, handlederna, och armbÄgarna. Vissa av dessa tester kan undvikas om man trÀnar fysiskt. Slutsats Golf Àr en individuell idrott och det Àr svÄrt att göra en kapacitets & kravanalys som Àr för mer Àn en person. Elitidrottare mÄste alltid se helheten och skulle gynnas av en individ anpassad testning. Jag tycker att testerna bör vara speciellt framtagna för individen och göras under samtal med spelaren som Àr delaktig och insatt i varje delmoment. Ett problem pÄ hemma plan som jag ser det Àr att det inte finns nÄgra specifika kravanalyser att gÄ efter, visst kan man testa men vilka riktvÀrden ska man strÀva efter? Ett annat problem Àr att elitspelare i Sverige idag kan testas av olika hÄll och ibland fÄ olika resultat vilket kan leda till viss vilsenhet hos den aktive. Det viktiga Àr inte att testa utan att gÄ vidare med resultaten och lÀgga upp sin trÀning dÀrefter. Ett mÄl för framtiden tycker jag bör vara att ha ett samarbete (spelarens nÀtverk) för att fÄ fram det optimala för elitspelaren
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