Up or Out and Into the Supreme Court: A Forecast for Hishon v. King and Spalding

The author presents an extensive analysis of Title VII in an effort to forecast the forthcoming Supreme Court decision of Hishon v. King and Spalding. Included are the issues presented to the Court, the legislative history of Title VII, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals\u27 decision, and a historical inquiry of the applicable decisions of the Burger Court. Although the outcome of the case has yet to be decided, the author\u27s informed prediction will guide commentaries in the future

Analysis of training, experience and salaries of secondary school mathematics teachers in Massachusetts, 1924-1953.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

A Descriptive Study of Youth Ministry Models in Evangelical Churches

The purpose of this thesis is to examine six accepted church ministry models that have evidenced themselves in the evangelical church within the last twenty years. The project will analyze and apply these models to youth ministry. Based upon surveys and follow up interviews administered to alumni of the Liberty University Youth Ministry program and youth leaders associated with the Center for Youth Ministry at Liberty, the project will be a descriptive study of these models in representative youth ministries. An in depth interview will be conducted with each youth ministry that best represents the dominant model. An observation report will be constructed on each youth ministry chosen to present the data collected and to summarize each representative model in relation to youth ministry. A final summary will be constructed to present key observations, analysis and recommendations. This descriptive study is presented so that these youth ministry models might assist youth ministry students in making better church site choices

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Case Report of a Paradoxical Reaction with Heavy Marijuana Use

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a rare constellation of clinical findings that includes a history of chronic heavy marijuana use, severe abdominal pain, unrelenting nausea, and intractable vomiting. A striking component of this history includes the use of hot showers or long baths that help to alleviate these symptoms. This is an underrecognized syndrome that can lead to expensive and unrevealing workups and can leave patients self-medicating their nausea and vomiting with the very substance that is causing their symptoms. Long-term treatment of CHS is abstinence from marijuana use—but the acute symptomatic treatment of CHS has been a struggle for many clinicians. Many standard medications used for the symptomatic treatment of CHS (including ondansetron, promethazine, and morphine) have repeatedly been shown to be ineffective. Here we present the use of lorazepam as an agent that successfully and safely treats the tenacious symptoms of CHS. Additionally, we build upon existing hypotheses for the pathogenesis of CHS to try to explain why a substance that has been used for thousands of years is only now beginning to cause this paradoxical hyperemesis syndrome

Inhibitory neuron migration and IPL formation in the developing zebrafish retina.

The mature vertebrate retina is a highly ordered neuronal network of cell bodies and synaptic neuropils arranged in distinct layers. Little, however, is known about the emergence of this spatial arrangement. Here, we investigate how the three main types of retinal inhibitory neuron (RIN)--horizontal cells (HCs), inner nuclear layer amacrine cells (iACs) and displaced amacrine cells (dACs)--reach their specific laminar positions during development. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging of zebrafish retinas, we show that RINs undergo distinct phases of migration. The first phase, common to all RINs, is bipolar migration directed towards the apicobasal centre of the retina. All RINs then transition to a less directionally persistent multipolar phase of migration. Finally, HCs, iACs and dACs each undergo cell type-specific migration. In contrast to current hypotheses, we find that most dACs send processes into the forming inner plexiform layer (IPL) before migrating through it and inverting their polarity. By imaging and quantifying the dynamics of HCs, iACs and dACs from birth to final position, this study thus provides evidence for distinct and new migration patterns during retinal lamination and insights into the initiation of IPL formation.This work was supported by Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award 100329/Z/12/Z to WH and a UK Commonwealth Scholarship to RC.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the Company of Biologists via http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.12247

The Effect of Creatine on 24-Hour Blood Pressure, Mean Arterial Pressure, and Pulse Pressure

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a 1 week creatine supplementation (CrS) on blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP) in healthy males and females. METHODS: Subjects were 10 males (21±1.2 year) and 4 females (20.3 ± 0.47 year), with VO2max values of 53.53 ± 4.6 ml/kg/min (males) and 47.7 ± 2.9 ml/kg/min (females). Subjects were divided into two groups: placebo supplementation (PS) and CrS. Subjects attended a pre-supplementation and post-supplementation exercise intervention where subjects ran for 30 min at 70-80% of VO2max. Between the exercise interventions, subjects consumed 0.3 g/kg of body weight/day of supplement for 7 days. Following each exercise intervention, subjects wore an ambulatory blood pressure monitor (ABPM) for 24 hr to collect BP, MAP, and PP. RESULTS: A 7 day CrS will result in benefits to cardiovascular health (CVH). The CrS group will have lower mean BP, MAP, and PP when compared to the PS group following the second exercise intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed research will contribute to greater understanding of the effects of CrS on CVH

Müller glia provide essential tensile strength to the developing retina.

This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the Rockefeller University Press via http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201503115To investigate the cellular basis of tissue integrity in a vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) tissue, we eliminated Müller glial cells (MG) from the zebrafish retina. For well over a century, glial cells have been ascribed a mechanical role in the support of neural tissues, yet this idea has not been specifically tested in vivo. We report here that retinas devoid of MG rip apart, a defect known as retinoschisis. Using atomic force microscopy, we show that retinas without MG have decreased resistance to tensile stress and are softer than controls. Laser ablation of MG processes showed that these cells are under tension in the tissue. Thus, we propose that MG act like springs that hold the neural retina together, finally confirming an active mechanical role of glial cells in the CNS.This work was funded by a Herchel Smith Postdoctoral Fellowship to R.B.M., the Wellcome Trust programme in Developmental Biology to O.R. and J.O., NIH grants EY14358 (R.O.W.) and EY01730 (Vision Core), MRC Career Development Award and HFSP Young Investigator Grant to K.F., and a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award to W.A.H

Spatial heterogeneity of benthic methane dynamics in the subaquatic canyons of the Rhone River Delta (Lake Geneva)

Heterogeneous benthic methane (CH4) dynamics from river deltas with important organic matter accumulation have been recently reported in various aquatic and marine environments. The spatial heterogeneity of dissolved CH4 concentrations and associated production and diffusion rates were investigated in the Rhone River Delta of Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France) using sediment cores taken as part of the éLEMO Project. Benthic CH4 dynamics within the complex subaquatic canyon structure of the Rhone Delta were compared (1) between three canyons of different sedimentation regimes, (2) along a longitudinal transect of the ‘active' canyon most influenced by the Rhone River, and (3) laterally across a canyon. Results indicated higher CH4 diffusion and production rates in the ‘active' compared to the other canyons, explained by more allochthonous carbon deposition. Within the active canyon, the highest diffusion and production rates were found at intermediate sites further along the canyon. Stronger resuspension of sediments directly in front of the river inflow was likely the cause for the variable emission rates found there. Evidence also suggests more CH4 production occurs on the levees (shoulders) of canyons due to preferred sedimentation in those locations. Our results from the heterogeneous Rhone delta in Lake Geneva further support the concept that high sedimentary CH4 concentrations should be expected in depositional environments with high inputs of allochthonous organic carbon

Localization of the Raf-like Kinase CTR1 to the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Arabidopsis through Participation in Ethylene Receptor Signaling Complexes

The plant hormone ethylene is perceived by a five-member family of receptors related to the bacterial histidine kinases. The Raf-like kinase CTR1 functions downstream of the ethylene receptors as a negative regulator of ethylene signal transduction. CTR1 is shown here to be associated with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis as a result of its interactions with ethylene receptors. Membrane association of CTR1 is reduced by mutations that eliminate ethylene receptors and by a mutation in CTR1 that reduces its ability to bind to the ethylene receptor ETR1. Direct evidence that CTR1 is part of an ethylene receptor signaling complex was obtained by co-purification of the ethylene receptor ETR1 with a tagged version of CTR1 from an Arabidopsis membrane extract. The histidine kinase activity of ETR1 is not required for its association with CTR1, based on co-purification of tagged ETR1 mutants and CTR1 after expression in a transgenic yeast system. These data demonstrate that CTR1 is part of an ethylene receptor signaling complex in Arabidopsis and support a model in which localization of CTR1 to the endoplasmic reticulum is necessary for its function. Additional data that demonstrate a post-transcriptional effect of ethylene upon the expression of CTR1 suggest that production of ethylene receptor signaling complexes may be coordinately regulated