Muon Collider Forum report

A multi-TeV muon collider offers a spectacular opportunity in the direct exploration of the energy frontier. Offering a combination of unprecedented energy collisions in a comparatively clean leptonic environment, a high energy muon collider has the unique potential to provide both precision measurements and the highest energy reach in one machine that cannot be paralleled by any currently available technology. The topic generated a lot of excitement in Snowmass meetings and continues to attract a large number of supporters, including many from the early career community. In light of this very strong interest within the US particle physics community, Snowmass Energy, Theory and Accelerator Frontiers created a cross-frontier Muon Collider Forum in November of 2020. The Forum has been meeting on a monthly basis and organized several topical workshops dedicated to physics, accelerator technology, and detector R&D. Findings of the Forum are summarized in this report

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Over 30% of Smoldering Myeloma Patients Have Tumor Cell Bone Marrow Infiltration Patterns Similar to Multiple Myeloma: A Large (n=544) Clinical Study Using Whole-Body MRI

Abstract Abstract 2911 Background: Traditionally, anti-myeloma therapy is initiated by presence of end-organ damage defined by CRAB criteria (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and/or lytic bone lesions). Recently, several clinical trials have been initiated to evaluate the role of treatment in smoldering myeloma (SMM) patients, which by diagnostic criteria lack end-organ damage. Several studies have indicated the prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with smoldering (SMM) and multiple myeloma (MM). Given that the risk of transformation from SMM to MM varies greatly, we have conducted a large retrospective clinical study, using whole-body MRI, to characterize patterns of tumor infiltration in the bone marrow among patients diagnosed with SMM. These patients were then followed longitudinally for progression to MM. Furthermore, we have expanded MRI studies to patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and have analyzed the imaging findings within established prognostic parameters of this group of patients. Methods: A total of 157 patients with SMM, 138 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and 249 with MM were assessed by whole body MRI. Patients with second malignancies, amyloidosis, solitary plasmocytoma or preceding systemic treatment were excluded from the study. In patients with MGUS and SMM initiation of systemic treatment and in patients with MM, relapse after systemic therapy was defined as end point for progression free survival. For all patients we collected extensive clinical and diagnostic data. Using logistic regression, we evaluated the presence/absence of focal or diffuse signal abnormalities. Using log-rank test we defined treatment-free survival for SMM in relation to imaging results. Median follow-up was 4.0, 4.5 and 3.7 years for MGUS, SMM and MM patients, respectively. Results: In MGUS patients, focal lesions were detectable in 23.9% and a diffuse infiltration in 53%. Diffuse and focal infiltration patterns appeared independently from each other. The presence and number of focal lesions as well as a severe diffuse infiltration were statistically significant adverse prognostic factors for progression free survival. In multivariate analysis, only the number of focal lesions remained statistically significant (p=0.0005). In SMM patients, focal lesions were present in 34.4% and a diffuse infiltration pattern in 45.9%. Plasma cell percentage, a moderate diffuse infiltration (but not focal lesions) and beta2-microglobulin were statistically significant prognostic parameters. Whole-body MRI indicated that for 65.6% of the patients with SMM, patterns of tumor cell infiltration in the bone marrow were similar to MGUS patients; whereas 34.4% showed patterns similar to MM patients. Sensitivity and specificity of prediction performance of the classification model was 0.8 and 0.76, respectively. Using a log-rank test for prediction of treatment-free survival of SMM patients in relation to whole-body MRI patterns of tumor cell infiltration in the bone marrow, we found a borderline difference between MGUS-like SMM (n=124) and MM-like SMM patients (n=33) (p=0.08); whereas the difference between MM-like SMM patients and the 138 MGUS patients was significant (p=0.02). Conclusions: In summary, in this first large clinical study including 544 patients, whole-body MRI was able to discern over 30% of patients with SMM presenting with patterns of tumor cell infiltration in the bone marrow similar to those of MM. Given that many patients with SMM develop symptomatic disease within 1–2 years, in the future, advanced imaging may play a major role in defining patients with SMM who should be candidates for early treatment. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare

Appearance of Monoclonal Plasma Cell Diseases in Whole Body MRI in 544 Patients and Correlation with Parameters of Disease Activity

Abstract Abstract 4966 Focal lesions (FL) and diffuse tumor cell infiltration detected by whole body MRI (WB-MRI) have been demonstrated to be of prognostic significance for predicting progression free and overall survival in patients with monoclonal plasma cell diseases. In this trial we have assessed 544 unselected and untreated patients: 138 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), 157 with smoldering myeloma (SMM), and 249 with multiple myeloma (MM). WB-MRI was performed on two identical 1. 5 Tesla MRI-scanners with body array curls. Assessment of FL was done by two experienced radiologists blinded to the diagnosis of the patients in consensus. We found focal lesions in 23. 9%, 34. 4%, and 80. 3% of patients with MGUS, SMM and MM, respectively, and a diffuse infiltration was detected in 38. 4%, 45. 9%, 71. 5% of the corresponding patients. The differences between MGUS, SMM and MM patients were statistically significant (p<0. 0001). The presence of FL as well as the presence of a diffuse infiltration was correlated with an increased plasma cell percentage in bone marrow (p<0. 0001) and monoclonal protein concentration (p=0. 001). Further categorization of the diffuse infiltration patterns in WB-MRI into minimal, moderate, severe and “salt&pepper” patterns, was able to identify a significant correlation between both M-protein and plasma cell percentage in bone marrow as well as age. In MGUS and SMM patients, FL were more often detected in patients with a diffuse background, while in MM patients, FL were present at the same rate across the diffuse infiltration subgroups. In summary bone marrow infiltration in WB-MRI is significantly different between stages of plasma cell disease and correlates with established markers of disease activity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare

Soft tissue tumor imaging in adults: European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology-Guidelines 2023-overview, and primary local imaging: how and where?

Objectives: Early, accurate diagnosis is crucial for the prognosis of patients with soft tissue sarcomas. To this end, standardization of imaging algorithms, technical requirements, and reporting is therefore a prerequisite. Since the first European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR) consensus in 2015, technical achievements, further insights into specific entities, and the revised WHO-classification (2020) and AJCC staging system (2017) made an update necessary. The guidelines are intended to support radiologists in their decision-making and contribute to interdisciplinary tumor board discussions. Materials and methods: A validated Delphi method based on peer-reviewed literature was used to derive consensus among a panel of 46 specialized musculoskeletal radiologists from 12 European countries. Statements were scored online by level of agreement (0 to 10) during two iterative rounds. Either "group consensus," "group agreement," or "lack of agreement" was achieved. Results: Eight sections were defined that finally contained 145 statements with comments. Overall, group consensus was reached in 95.9%, and group agreement in 4.1%. This communication contains the first part consisting of the imaging algorithm for suspected soft tissue tumors, methods for local imaging, and the role of tumor centers. Conclusion: Ultrasound represents the initial triage imaging modality for accessible and small tumors. MRI is the modality of choice for the characterization and local staging of most soft tissue tumors. CT is indicated in special situations. In suspicious or likely malignant tumors, a specialist tumor center should be contacted for referral or teleradiologic second opinion. This should be done before performing a biopsy, without exception. Clinical relevance: The updated ESSR soft tissue tumor imaging guidelines aim to provide best practice expert consensus for standardized imaging, to support radiologists in their decision-making, and to improve examination comparability both in individual patients and in future studies on individualized strategies. Key points: • Ultrasound remains the best initial triage imaging modality for accessible and small suspected soft tissue tumors. • MRI is the modality of choice for the characterization and local staging of soft tissue tumors in most cases; CT is indicated in special situations. Suspicious or likely malignant tumors should undergo biopsy. • In patients with large, indeterminate or suspicious tumors, a tumor reference center should be contacted for referral or teleradiologic second opinion; this must be done before a biopsy

Early stage litter decomposition across biomes

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVINInternational audienceThrough litter decomposition enormous amounts of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Numerous large-scale decomposition experiments have been conducted focusing on this fundamental soil process in order to understand the controls on the terrestrial carbon transfer to the atmosphere. However, previous studies were mostly based on site-specific litter and methodologies, adding major uncertainty to syntheses, comparisons and meta-analyses across different experiments and sites. In the TeaComposition initiative, the potential litter decomposition is investigated by using standardized substrates (Rooibos and Green tea) for comparison of litter mass loss at 336 sites (ranging fro

Search for supersymmetry in hadronic final states with missing transverse energy using the variables αT and b-quark multiplicity in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues ([email protected]) on 2014-05-27T11:30:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:48:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84883824987.pdf: 1540579 bytes, checksum: be6bbff5192436d9fcdbc367ffd1650e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:30:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-01 An inclusive search for supersymmetric processes that produce final states with jets and missing transverse energy is performed in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 11.7 fb-1 collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. In this search, a dimensionless kinematic variable, αT, is used to discriminate between events with genuine and misreconstructed missing transverse energy. The search is based on an examination of the number of reconstructed jets per event, the scalar sum of transverse energies of these jets, and the number of these jets identified as originating from bottom quarks. No significant excess of events over the standard model expectation is found. Exclusion limits are set in the parameter space of simplified models, with a special emphasis on both compressed-spectrum scenarios and direct or gluino-induced production of third-generation squarks. For the case of gluino-mediated squark production, gluino masses up to 950-1125 GeV are excluded depending on the assumed model. For the direct pair-production of squarks, masses up to 450 GeV are excluded for a single light first- or second-generation squark, increasing to 600 GeV for bottom squarks. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the CMS collaboration. 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Physikalisches Institut B RWTH Aachen University, Aachen Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg University of Hamburg, Hamburg Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPP) NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi University of Athens, Athens University of Ioánnina, Ioánnina KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen University of Debrecen, Debrecen Panjab University, Chandigarh University of Delhi, Delhi Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai Tata Institute of Fundamental Research - EHEP, Mumbai Tata Institute of Fundamental Research - HECR, Mumbai Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari Università di Bari, Bari Politecnico di Bari, Bari INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna Università di Bologna, Bologna INFN Sezione di Catania, Catania Università di Catania, Catania INFN Sezione di Firenze, Firenze Università di Firenze, Firenze INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova Università di Genova, Genova INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milano Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli Università della Basilicata (Potenza), Napoli Università G. 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Search for high-mass resonances decaying to a jet and a Lorentz-boosted resonance in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}

Physics letters / B 832, 137263 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2022.137263 Published by North-Holland Publ., Amsterda