One Europe, one neurologist?

Eur J Neurol. 2007 Mar;14(3):241-7. One Europe, one neurologist? Grisold W, Galvin R, Lisnic V, Lopes Lima J, Mueller E, Oberndorfer S, Vodusek DB; UEMS-EBN and EFNS Education Committee. Department of Neurology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Neurooncology , Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital of the City of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. [email protected] Abstract In recent years, there has been a major shift in emphasis within neurology from being a largely diagnostic discipline to one much more actively involved in treating disease. There have been major scientific advances leading to new and effective treatments. There is also a much greater awareness of the burden of neurological disease (Olesen J, Leonardi M. European Journal of Neurology 2003; 10: 471) and informed sufferers are requesting specific intervention. There is wide variation in the delivery of neurological services throughout Europe. This is reflected in manpower levels, the place of neurology related to other medical specialties and different mixes of hospital and private office practice. These differences have been thrown into sharper focus by the recent expansion of the European Union (EU). Initial training in neurology is given to undergraduate/pre-graduate students. Post-graduate education is delivered within a residency program leading to specialist qualification and certification. We now recognize that this is only the beginning of a life long program of continuous education and development (CME/CPD). National and international exchange programs facilitate the growth of knowledge and promote professional harmony and cooperation. The free migration of medical specialists has been an aspiration but remains limited by cultural, linguistic, personal, professional, political and economic factors. Two bodies, the European Board of Neurology (EBN-UEMS) http://www.uems-neuroboard.org (Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialistes) and the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) http://www.efns.org are actively involved in harmonising and developing neurology at the European level. PMID: 17355542 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLIN

Advances in the role of sacral nerve neuromodulation in lower urinary tract symptoms

Sacral neuromodulation has been developed to treat chronic lower urinary tract symptoms, resistant to classical conservative therapy. The suspected mechanisms of action include afferent stimulation of the central nervous system and modulation of activity at the level of the brain. Typical neuromodulation is indicated both in overactivity and in underactivity of the lower urinary tract. In the majority of patients, a unilateral electrode in a sacral foramen and connected to a pulse generator is sufficient to achieve significant clinical results also on long term. In recent years, other urological indications have been explored

Electrical stimulation with non-implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Trade Related Capacity Building: An Overview in the Context of Latin American Trade Policy and the MERCOSUR-EU Association Agreement

Trade has become an increasingly important strategic objective for developing countries. This is a relatively new phenomenon for many of them. Hence the demand to intensify an insertion into the world economy often advances faster than their institutional capacities to formulate effective strategies, trade policies and institutions. This is further complicated by the fact that the insertion is increasingly being undertaken through negotiation of ever more complex trade agreements with important asymmetries between the parties and large repercussions from market opening. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that trade-related capacity building (TRCB) has increasingly gained the attention of developing countries and donors alike. By practicing the art of the possible many advances have been achieved. But many shortcomings are still hindering the delivery of effective TRCB; ironically, some of them being outgrowths of attempts to perfect TRCB

Guatemala: Desafíos de la inserción internacional

Guatemala podría estar aprovechando mejor el comercio exterior como factor de crecimiento económico. En la actualidad, el comercio tiene una importancia relativamente pequeña en la economía: el coeficiente de apertura -la suma de las exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios relativa al producto interno bruto (PIB)- es de 63,2%, lo que supone el menor nivel de Centroamérica (promedio 89,7%, año 2010). Esto se refleja tanto en el comercio de bienes (coeficiente más bajo con 52%) como en el de servicios (con 11,2%, que sobrepasa solamente a El Salvador con 9,6%).

Quelques réflexions sur la coopération économique et industrielle entre pays en voie de développement

Vodusek Ziga. Quelques réflexions sur la coopération économique et industrielle entre pays en voie de développement. In: Tiers-Monde, tome 29, n°115, 1988. Industrialisation et développement. Modèles, expériences, perspectives, sous la direction de Abdelkader Sid Ahmed et Alain Valette. pp. 961-974