The Manifestation of Total War in the Mexican Revolution.

This manuscript examines the manifestation of total war in the Mexican Revolution and analyzes why such an extreme form of warfare occurred. “Total war” refers to a mass armed conflict that is unrestricted in the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, and the objectives pursued, as well as involving the complete mobilization of civilian and military resources for the war effort. In the Mexican Revolution, this was expressed in three main aspects: the implementation of excessive force by and against combatants, the perpetration of extreme violence, whether intentionally or unintentionally, against non-combatants, and the appropriation of civilian resources, which damaged civilian livelihood and threatened resource supplies. The essay cites specific examples of these aspects of total war, including the use of chemical warfare, the deliberate murder of civilians by combatants, and the pillaging of civilian property. In analyzing various incidents of the Mexican Revolution, the author determines that there are several reasons for the manifestation of total war. These include the use of heavy weaponry, brutal military tactics, the extended duration of the revolution, and the ideological differences between revolutionary factions

Preparation of 4 '-spirocyclobutyl nucleoside analogues as novel and versatile adenosine scaffolds

Despite the large variety of modified nucleosides that have been reported, the preparation of constrained 4 '-spirocyclic adenosine analogues has received very little attention. We discovered that the [2+2]-cycloaddition of dichloroketene on readily available 4 '-exo-methylene furanose sugars efficiently results in the diastereoselective formation of novel 4 '-spirocyclobutanones. The reaction mechanism was investigated via density functional theory (DFT) and found to proceed either via a non-synchronous or stepwise reaction sequence, controlled by the stereochemistry at the 3 '-position of the sugar substrate. The obtained dichlorocyclobutanones were converted into nucleoside analogues, providing access to a novel class of chiral 4 '-spirocyclobutyl adenosine mimetics in eight steps from commercially available sugars. Assessment of the biological activity of designed 4 '-spirocyclic adenosine analogues identified potent inhibitors for protein methyltransferase target PRMT5

Ab initio evaluation of metalated 3-halo-1-azaallylic anions as synthetic building blocks

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Straightforward synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)aziridines starting from 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone

An efficient and straightforward approach towards the synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)aziridines starting from 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone via imination, alpha-chlorination, hydride reduction and ring closure was developed. In addition, novel primary beta-iodo amines were obtained by regioselective ring opening of these 2-(trifluoromethyl)aziridines using alkyl iodides, and their synthetic potential was demonstrated by converting them into novel alpha-CF(3)-beta-phenylethylamines upon treatment with lithium diphenylcuprate

Study protocol of KLIMOP: a cohort study on the wellbeing of older cancer patients in Belgium and the Netherlands

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cancer is mainly a disease of older patients. In older cancer patients, additional endpoints such as quality of survival and daily functioning might be considered equally relevant as overall or disease free survival. However, these factors have been understudied using prospective designs focussing on older cancer patients. Therefore, this study will focus on the impact of cancer, ageing, and their interaction on the long-term wellbeing of older cancer patients.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>This study is an observational cohort study. We aim to recruit 720 cancer patients above 70 years with a new diagnosis of breast, prostate, lung or gastrointestinal cancer and two control groups: one control group of 720 patients above 70 years without a previous diagnosis of cancer and one control group of 720 cancer patients between 50 - 69 years newly diagnosed with breast, prostate, lung or gastrointestinal cancer. Data collection will take place at inclusion, after six months, after one year and every subsequent year until death or end of the study. Data will be collected through personal interviews (consisting of socio-demographic information, general health information, a comprehensive geriatric assessment, quality of life, health locus of control and a loneliness scale), a handgrip test, assessment of medical records, two buccal swabs and a blood sample from cancer patients (at baseline). As an annex study, caregivers of the participants will be recruited as well. Data collection for caregivers will consist of a self-administered questionnaire examining depression, coping, and burden.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This extensive data collection will increase insight on how wellbeing of older cancer patients is affected by cancer (diagnosis and treatment), ageing, and their interaction. Results may provide new insights, which might contribute to the improvement of care for older cancer patients.</p

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of moniliformin in food and feed

The CONTAM Panel wishes to acknowledge all European competent authorities and other stakeholders that provided occurrence data on moniliformin in food and feed, and supported the consumption data collection for the Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Adopted: 21 November 2017Peer reviewedPublisher PD