Formación ciudadana : un camino hacia la transformación de la convivencia escolar

RESUMEN: En la cotidianidad de los contextos educativos es posible observar que situaciones de trato hostil entre estudiantes, que van desde el maltrato verbal hasta la agresión física, el bullying, matoneo o cyber-bullying, representan una problemática de convivencia que no se logra minimizar de forma significativa, pese a las diferentes acciones y proyectos emprendidos ante ésta en el ámbito institucional, derivadas de las políticas públicas planteadas desde el Ministerio de Educación Nacional en materia de convivencia escolar. En este escenario, cobra vital importancia el papel del docente, quien deberá configurarse como un posibilitador de la mediación entre pares frente a los conflictos cotidianos y contribuir a la formación de los estudiantes como seres críticos de esa realidad que les circunda, estudiantes con la capacidad de reconocerse como actores dentro del conflicto y al mismo tiempo contar con las herramientas necesarias para trasformar su accionar ante éste, favoreciendo la convivencia escolar. Surge así, la FC como una alternativa en la tarea de educar en un ambiente democrático, donde se reconozca, se respete y se valore la diversidad como característica inherente al ser humano, en otras palabras la FC pensada como el camino para educar en el respeto por la diferencia, la misma que frecuentemente, propicia el conflicto con el otro. En este sentido, se desarrolló el presente trabajo de investigación, a la luz del método Investigación - Acción Educativa, con el propósito de identificar las características de la convivencia escolar entre los estudiantes del grado tercero de la Institución Educativa La Milagrosa del municipio de Bello y los grupos Séptimo B y Séptimo Tres de las Instituciones Educativas El Salvador del municipio de Pueblorrico y Santo Tomás de Aquino del municipio de Guarne, respectivamente, para luego diseñar e implementar una propuesta didáctica en Ciencias Sociales sobre FC valorando los resultados que este acompañamiento arrojó en cuanto al mejoramiento de la convivencia escolar.ABSTRACT: In education settings is possible to see hostile treatment between students such as physical aggression, bullying or cyberbullying, they represent a problem of conviviality that is not achieved to minimize totally, in spite of the different actions and projects the Government had taken to remedy the situation. In this area it is important the role of teacher who must be a mediator between students in the daily conflicts and to contribute in their training, because they are critical and they have the aptitude to be recognized themselves inside the conflict and the same time they have tools to transform theirs actions to improve the school conviviality. Citizen Education is an alternative to educate in a democratic environment where it is recognized and is respected the diversity. In others words, the Citizen Education is the way to educate in the respect for other one. In this respect, this research work realized by the Investigation – Educational action method, has the intention of identifying the characteristics of the school conviviality between the students of third and seventh degree of Educational Institutions La Milagrosa (Bello), El Salvador (Pueblorrico) and Santo Tomás (Guarne). Then a didactic offer is designed and implemented in Social Sciences about Citizen Education and finally, to interpret results about the improved of School Socialization

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study

Background Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in 28 European countries. We included patients (aged ≥18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for surgical factors and patients’ preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARRadj). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865513. Findings Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7·6%] of 21694); ORadj 1·86, 95% CI 1·53–2·26; ARRadj –4·4%, 95% CI –5·5 to –3·2). Only 2·3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1·31, 95% CI 1·15–1·49; ARRadj –2·6%, 95% CI –3·9 to –1·4) and the administration of reversal agents (1·23, 1·07–1·41; –1·9%, –3·2 to –0·7) were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1·03, 95% CI 0·85–1·25; ARRadj –0·3%, 95% CI –2·4 to 1·5) nor extubation at a train-of-four ratio of 0·9 or more (1·03, 0·82–1·31; –0·4%, –3·5 to 2·2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes. Interpretation We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications