The overembeddedness impact on innovation: the small tourism ventures of the Comarca Minera, Hidalgo, Mexico

El objetivo es identificar las limitantes que la sobre integración social (overembeddedness) impone sobre las acciones de innovación entre los emprendedores que conforman el parque ecoturístico “El Bosque de las Truchas”, ubicado en la Comarca Minera, Hidalgo. Fueron analizados 23 emprendimientos turísticos. Los temas redundantes en las entrevistas fueron codificados y analizados mediante el software Atlas.ti y el cálculo del coeficiente C. Las limitaciones a la innovación derivan de la centralidad de la Asamblea de Ejidatarios que mediante el control de la información y de las relaciones con el exterior, ha propiciado un “bloqueo cognitivo” reflejado en una oferta turística repetitiva.The aim is to identify the constraints of the overembeddedness imposes on innovation actions that entrepreneurs want to develop in the “El Bosque de Las Truchas” ecotourism park, which is located in the Comarca Minera, Hidalgo. Twenty-three small tourism ventures were analyzed. The redundant topics in the interviews were coded and the relations between them were analyzed using the Atlas.ti software and the C coefficient. The Ejidatarios Assembly controls the flow of useful inside information as well as the exchange relations with the outside, which results in a “cognitive lock-in” that inhibits the innovative capacity of the entrepreneurship

Ética Profesional y Responsabilidad Social Universitaria

este libro compila reflexiones y experiencias en responsabilidad social y ética profesional desde instituciones de Educación Superior. La responsabilidad social universitaria, como ámbito de investigación y de desarrollo conceptual y metodológico es transversal a las universidades, tanto desde el punto de vista organizacional, como desde el misional e investigativo. Quienes impulsen la responsabilidad social, requieren de ética profesional, que debe ser la clave para la construcción de principios que guíen a empresarios, políticos, gestores sociales, investigadores, entre otros, para lograr consensuar el a veces difícil equilibrio entre el bien común y el desarrollo personal

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Oficinas de Transferencia Tecnológica en las Universidades como Estrategia para Fomentar la Innovación y la Competitividad. Caso: Estado de Hidalgo, México

The economic development of any country is supported by innovations, hence the importance of generating research, development and innovation (R&D) is an imperative today for the economic development of Mexico and its regions, in the Hidalgo State case where universities serve as their main sources of knowledge, requiring just one instance to protect the scientific and technological results and developed processes to facilitate technology transfer. Therefore this paper addresses the importance of technology transfer and the role played by technology transfer offices as facilitators of these processes in support of the universities to promote innovation in the state of Hidalgo