Comparación de reflectancia in situ 443/555 y 490/555 con Clorofila a y Materia Suspendida Total en Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S., México

Con el propósito de analizar las características bio-ópticas del agua superficial de la Bahía de La Paz y la laguna Ensenada de La Paz se llevaron a cabo muestreos en los meses de junio, septiembre, noviembre de 1997 y enero de 1998. De acuerdo a las características hidrológicas y batimétricas, la bahía se dividió en profunda y somera y la laguna en canal y somera. La distribución de temperatura mostró el patrón típico estacional, mínimas en enero (22.5 °C) y máximas en septiembre (>30 °C). Las concentraciones promedio de clorofila a (Cla) y material suspendido total (MST) fueron menores en la bahía (0.26 a 0.65 mg Cla m-3 y 0.5 a 1.2 g MST m-3) que en la laguna (0.5 2.4 mg Cla m-3 y 0.98 a 5.6 g MST m-3). Asimismo, el coeficiente de atenuación de luz difusa (KdPAR) fue más bajo en la bahía que en la laguna, debido a la menor cantidad de MST y fitoplancton. El mejor ajuste entre reflectancia 443/555 y 490/555 vs. la Cla y MST, respectivamente, fue potencial (A = 0.8023 * B-0.819 y A = 1.2401 * B-0.8011). La concentración de MST vs. KdPAR presentó alta correlación lineal (r2 =0.96), y menor entre Cla vs. KdPAR (r2 =0.77). Las altas correlaciones entre las mediciones radiométricas y las concentraciones de Cla y MST superficiales en las aguas de la bahía de La Paz y la laguna, prueban la capacidad de la aplicación de las técnicas de sensores remotos para estimar Cla y MST, en aguas costeras del Golfo de California

Variabilidad estacional de la productividad primaria y su relación con la estratificación vertical en la Bahía de la Paz, B. C. S.

Primary productivity (pp) during October of 1996, March, April, May, June, July, September, November of 1997 and January of 1998, was estimated via natural fluorescence in La Paz bay. Simultaneously to pp vertical temperatura profiles (CTD) were registered to determine the structure of the water column, which was calculated by using the stratification index (?) from 0 to 100 m depth. The highest average values in pp (16 mg C m-3 h-1) were observed during the spring and the minimum values of ? (50 J m-3)  corresponded to a almost homogeneous water column. In contrast, to other seasons (summer and autumn), the pp fell to minimum values (2 to 5 mg C m-3 h-1), while ? increased significantly (249 and 347 J m-3). The results indicated a lineal dependence between pp and water column mixture (r2 = 0.62, p <0.05) during the summer months. Periods with high stratification seem to inhibit the fertilization on the surface layer, while the well mixed water column facilitate the fertilization process. Therefore, it is evident that the water column stratification in La Paz bay plays an important role mechanism that controls the pp and partially explains the seasonal variability.Se estimó la productividad primaria (pp) vía fluorescencia natural en la bahía de La Paz durante octubre de 1996, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio, septiembre, noviembre de 1997, y enero de 1998. Simultáneamente a los registros de pp se realizaron perfiles verticales de temperatura (CTD) para determinar la estructura de la columna de agua, y de los cuales se estimó el índice de estratificación (?) de 0 a 100 m de profundidad. Durante primavera se observaron los valores promedio más altos de pp (16 mg C m-3 h-1) y valores bajos de ? (50 J m-3) que corresponden a una columna de agua casi homogénea. En contraste, en las subsecuentes estaciones (verano y otoño), la pp decreció a valores mínimos (2 y 5 mg C m-3 h-1), mientras que ? se incrementó significativamente (249 y 347 J m-3). Los resultados indican que existe una dependencia lineal de la pp y la mezcla en la columna de agua (r2 = 0.62, p<0.05) durante los meses de verano. Periodos con una alta estratificación tienden posiblemente a inhibir la fertilización de la capa superficial, mientras que una columna de agua bien mezclada facilita el proceso de fertilización. Por lo tanto, es evidente que en la Bahía de La Paz la estratificación asume un papel importante como mecanismo que controla la pp y explica parcialmente la variabilidad estacional observada en la bahía

ESTUDIO ECONÓMICO DE LABORATORIOS DE PRODUCCIÓN DE LARVAS DE Litopeneaus vannamei (CAMARÓN BLANCO)

En esta investigación se realizó un estudio económico de nueve laboratorios comerciales productores de postlarvas de camarón en el Estado de Sonora, con el fin de conocer los gastos operativos para la producción de las mismas y los componentes de este costo por área, en el ciclo 2005. Las áreas que se analizaron fueron: maduración, microalgas, cría larvaria, Artemia sp., maternidades, mantenimiento y el área administrativa; obteniéndose datos específicos en cada área, para determinar el costo de producción de cada laboratorio. En general se encontró que estos laboratorios trabajan al 50 % de su capacidad, con producción de alimento vivo (microalgas y Artemia sp.) y con un mínimo de desperdicio de la producción de ambos departamentos, que llevan los cultivos a nivel de postlarvas (1-5 días), donde algunos de ellos maternizan sus cultivos (postlarvas de 12-15 días), con personal y gastos variables en mantenimiento y administración

Implementation of Flipped Learning in Technological Higher Education for Economic-Administrative Sciences

La presente investigación aborda el estudio de la construcción del conocimiento a través del método de aprendizaje invertido en los alumnos de Ciencias Económico Administrativas del Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Ciudad Guzmán. El método ha sido implementado con base a los cuatro pilares para su aplicación: a) considera la manera en la que el alumno aprende, b) toma en cuenta el ambiente que propicia la construcción del conocimiento, c) es la apropiada selección del contenido que se proporciona al alumno por parte del profesor; d) la adecuada capacitación del docente en temas relacionados con teorías del aprendizaje y el uso Tecnologías de la Información. En el desarrollo de este estudio se diseñó un instrumento para medir el nivel de importancia que los alumnos le dan a cada una de las variables relacionadas con este método. Se logro identificar el nivel de influencia y la relación que tiene cada uno de estos pilares del método de aprendizaje invertido en el nivel de construcción del conocimiento en los alumnos.The present research addresses the study of the construction of knowledge through the inverted learning method in the students of Economic-Administrative Sciences of the Tecnológico Nacional de México, Ciudad Guzmán Campus. The method has been constructed based on four items as follow: a) The way in which the student learns; b) The environment that encourages the construction of knowledge; c) the appropriate selection of the content that is provided to the student by the teacher; d) adequate teacher training in topics related to learning theories and the use of Information Technologies. An instrument was designed to score the level of acknowledgement given by the students. This study aimed to evaluate the construction of knowledge using the inverted learning method in Economic-Administrative Sciences students at Tecnológico Nacional de México, campus Ciudad Guzmán. It was possible to identify not only the level of influence, but also, the relationship that each of these items has invested in the student’s knowledge construction level

Planeación, gobernanza y sustentabilidad Retos y desafíos desde el enfoque territorial

Frente a la compleja realidad actual, resulta ineludible el desarrollo de la investigación científica de los fenómenos y procesos urbanos, territoriales y ambientales, que contribuya a su comprensión y la construcción de alternativas de solución a los retos y desafíos vigentes. En este contexto, el abordaje de las ciudades y regiones metropolitanas, el ordenamiento del territorio y la ocupación del espacio, así como la relación sociedad-naturaleza y la complejidad ambiental, precisa la generación de metodologías y procesos de investigación multi e inter disciplinarios que contribuyan a la comprensión de los procesos socioterritoriales, el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida y la conservación ambiental.Programa de Fortalecimiento de la Calidad Educativa PFCE-2016 proyecto K0313101

Fitossociologia comparada da comunidade herbáceo-subarbustiva de restinga em duas geoformações de dunas na planície costeira de Santa Catarina

Dunas são geoformações arenosas produzidas exclusivamente pela ação eólica que se dispõem a partir da região pós-praia. Sobre as dunas desenvolvem-se comunidades vegetais de restinga tipicamente herbáceo-subarbustivas condicionadas pelos fatores ambientais limitantes que influenciam sua organização sociológica. O presente estudo objetivou identificar, por meio do levantamento fitossociológico, possíveis diferenças estruturais entre comunidades instaladas em dois tipos de dunas (frontais e parabólicas). Foi alocado um total de 250 unidades amostrais para caracterização dos parâmetros de cobertura e frequência, absolutas e relativas, e valor de importância das espécies amostradas, além de índices de diversidade e similaridade. Foram levantadas 39 espécies, distribuídas em 37 gêneros e 23 famílias, sendo a maior diversidade observada nas dunas parabólicas e a maior dominância nas dunas frontais, além de certa coocorrência de espécies. As famílias mais ricas em espécies foram Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae e Cyperaceae. Os resultados obtidos sinalizam que a organização sociológica das comunidades herbáceo-subarbustivas de restinga sobre dunas frontais e parabólicas difere entre si em diversidade, composição e dominância de espécies, as quais devem ser fortemente influenciadas pelas condições ambientais, principalmente pelo vento, que atuam em diferentes níveis sobre essas comunidades. Tais informações podem contribuir com ações de conservação ambiental e da biodiversidade da restinga ante a elevada pressão antrópica na costa catarinense

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Child growth failure (CGF), manifested as stunting, wasting, and underweight, is associated with high 5 mortality and increased risks of cognitive, physical, and metabolic impairments. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the highest levels of CGF globally. Here we illustrate national and subnational variation of under-5 CGF indicators across LMICs, providing 2000–2017 annual estimates mapped at a high spatial resolution and aggregated to policy-relevant administrative units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the World Health 10 Organization’s ambitious Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and rates of progress exist across regions, countries, and within countries; our maps identify areas where high prevalence persists even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where subnational disparities exist and the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning locally 15 tailored interventions and efficient directing of resources to accelerate progress in reducing CGF and its health implications

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC