Nutritional status of iodine in pregnant women in Catalonia (Spain): study on hygiene-dietetic habits and iodine in urine

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It is a priority to achieve an adequate nutritional status of iodine during pregnancy since iodine deficiency in this population may have repercussions on the mother during both gestation and post partum as well as on the foetus, the neonate and the child at different ages. According to the WHO, iodine deficiency is the most frequent cause of mental retardation and irrreversible cerebral lesions around the world. However, few studies have been published on the nutritional status of iodine in the pregnant population within the Primary Care setting, a health care level which plays an essential role in the education and control of pregnant women. Therefore, <b>the aim of the present study </b>is: 1.- To know the hygiene-dietetic habits related to the intake of foods rich in iodine and smoking during pregnancy. 2.- To determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency and the factors associated with its appearance during pregnancy.</p> <p>Methods/design</p> <p>We will perform a cluster randomised, controlled, multicentre trial. Randomisation unit: Primary Care Team. Study population: 898 pregnant women over the age of 17 years attending consultation to a midwife during the first trimester of pregnancy in the participating primary care centres. Outcome measures: consumption of iodine-rich foods and iodine deficiency. Points of assessment: each trimester of the gestation. Intervention: group education during the first trimester of gestation on healthy hygiene-dietetic habits and the importance of an adequate iodine nutritional status. Statistical analysis: descriptive analysis of all variables will be performed as well as multilevel logistic regression. All analyses will be done carried out on an intention to treat basis and will be fitted for potential confounding factors and variables of clinical importance.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Evidence of generalised iodine deficiency during pregnancy could lead to the promotion of interventions of prevention such as how to improve and intensify health care educational programmes for pregnant women.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01301768">NCT01301768</a></p

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Differential clinical characteristics and prognosis of intraventricular conduction defects in patients with chronic heart failure

Intraventricular conduction defects (IVCDs) can impair prognosis of heart failure (HF), but their specific impact is not well established. This study aimed to analyse the clinical profile and outcomes of HF patients with LBBB, right bundle branch block (RBBB), left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), and no IVCDs. Clinical variables and outcomes after a median follow-up of 21 months were analysed in 1762 patients with chronic HF and LBBB (n = 532), RBBB (n = 134), LAFB (n = 154), and no IVCDs (n = 942). LBBB was associated with more marked LV dilation, depressed LVEF, and mitral valve regurgitation. Patients with RBBB presented overt signs of congestive HF and depressed right ventricular motion. The LAFB group presented intermediate clinical characteristics, and patients with no IVCDs were more often women with less enlarged left ventricles and less depressed LVEF. Death occurred in 332 patients (interannual mortality = 10.8%): cardiovascular in 257, extravascular in 61, and of unknown origin in 14 patients. Cardiac death occurred in 230 (pump failure in 171 and sudden death in 59). An adjusted Cox model showed higher risk of cardiac death and pump failure death in the LBBB and RBBB than in the LAFB and the no IVCD groups. LBBB and RBBB are associated with different clinical profiles and both are independent predictors of increased risk of cardiac death in patients with HF. A more favourable prognosis was observed in patients with LAFB and in those free of IVCDs. Further research in HF patients with RBBB is warranted

Actualizaciones en el manejo clínico de los opioides espinales en el dolor agudo postoperatorio

Opioids are the strongest drugs currently used for the treatment of pain. Over the last 40 years, because of the discovery of the spinal cord opioid receptors, the use of spinal opioids has become a standard for producing intense segmental analgesia without side effects associated with systemic administration. There is a widespread misconception that any opioid administered epidurally or intrathecally will always produce analgesia by a selective mechanism without central adverse effects. This is simply not true because multiple of these opioids produce analgesia by uptake into the systemic circulation or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with subsequent redistribution to brain opioid receptors. The findings indicate that increasing lipid solubility decreases the spinal cord bioavailability, therefore morphine is the most spinally selective opioid currently used in the epidural and intrathecal spaces. Extended release epidural morphine (EREM) utilizes a proprietary liposomal carrier to provide prolonged analgesia without the need for an indwelling catheter. Fentanyl is the best option for ambulatory surgery and it becomes apparent that epidural fentanyl acts predominantly spinally when administered as a bolus, and predominantly supraspinally as a continuous infusion. Epidural methadone and hydromorphone are valid alternatives for improve analgesia in the postoperative setting. All opioids injected intrathecally can be expected to produce analgesia, at last in part, by a spinal mechanism. The principal difference among opioids is in their duration of analgesic action, speed of re-distribution and the mechanism by which the drug reaches brainstem sites. In general, lipophilic opioids produce short durations of action (1-4 hours), which makes them attractive for short-term postoperative states. However, morphine doses of only 100 to 200 μg produce potent analgesia lasting as long as 24 hours.Los opioides son los fármacos más potentes utilizados en el tratamiento del dolor. En los últimos 40 años, tras el descubrimiento de los receptores opioides medulares, la práctica clínica ha conllevado el uso de opioides espinales con el propósito de producir una intensa analgesia metamérica desprovista de los efectos adversos de su utilización sistémica. Existe el concepto erróneo de que la administración epidural o intratecal de opioides producirá siempre una analgesia selectiva espinal junto con un menor riesgo de secundarismos, como la depresión respiratoria. Esta creencia no es cierta, ya que varios de ellos pueden alcanzar los centros cerebrales por redistribución sanguínea o vía líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), produciendo tanto analgesia supraespinal como efectos adversos. Los estudios demuestran que la liposolubilidad es inversamente proporcional a su selectividad medular, siendo esta mayor para el fármaco más hidrosoluble, la morfina. Su administración epidural liposomal retardada (MELR) ofrece buena analgesia sin la necesidad de un catéter epidural. El fentanilo es el opioide más recomendable en cirugía ambulatoria y parece producir un mayor efecto espinal tras su administración epidural en forma de bolos, y supraespinal en el modo de infusión continua. La metadona y la hidromorfona epidural son alternativas válidas para este uso en el periodo postoperatorio. Todos los opioides administrados vía intratecal producirán, al menos en parte, analgesia por un mecanismo espinal. Las diferencias principales entre ellos se presentan en relación a la duración de acción, velocidad de aclaramiento y vías por las que el fármaco alcanza los receptores cerebrales. En general, los opioides lipofílicos producen una analgesia de corta duración (1-4 h), que los hace útiles para el control del dolor postoperatorio inmediato. Sin embargo, la morfina produce una intensa analgesia de hasta 24 h, con dosis de tan solo 100-200 μg

Ten novel mutations in the NR5A1 gene cause disordered sex development in 46,XY and ovarian insufficiency in 46,XX individuals

Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1/NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor that regulates adrenal and reproductive development and function. NR5A1 mutations have been detected in 46,XY individuals with disorders of sexual development (DSD) but apparently normal adrenal function and in 46,XX women with normal sexual development yet primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)

Novel (60%) and recurrent (40%) androgen receptor gene mutations in a series of 59 patients with a 46,XY disorder of sex development.

Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations are the most frequent cause of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) and are associated with a variety of phenotypes, ranging from phenotypic women [complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)] to milder degrees of undervirilization (partial form or PAIS) or men with only infertility (mild form or MAIS). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to characterize the contribution of the AR gene to the molecular cause of 46,XY DSD in a series of Spanish patients. SETTING We studied a series of 133 index patients with 46,XY DSD in whom gonads were differentiated as testes, with phenotypes including varying degrees of undervirilization, and in whom the AR gene was the first candidate for a molecular analysis. METHODS The AR gene was sequenced (exons 1 to 8 with intronic flanking regions) in all patients and in family members of 61% of AR-mutated gene patients. RESULTS AR gene mutations were found in 59 individuals (44.4% of index patients), of whom 46 (78%) were CAIS and 13 (22%) PAIS. Fifty-seven different mutations were found: 21.0% located in exon 1, 15.8% in exons 2 and 3, 57.9% in exons 4-8, and 5.3% intronic. Twenty-three mutations (40.4%) had been previously described and 34 (59.6%) were novel. CONCLUSIONS AR gene mutation is the most frequent cause of 46,XY DSD, with a clearly higher frequency in the complete phenotype. Mutations spread along the whole coding sequence, including exon 1. This series shows that 60% of mutations detected during the period 2002-2009 were novel.This work was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain [PI06/0903 and CIBERER (Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases)] and from AGAUR (University and Research Management and Evaluation Agency), Barcelona, Spain (SGR02 00042 and SGR05 00908).Yes2011-0