A reserva do possível: a falta de recursos financeiros do estado como justificativa para não implementação dos direitos sociais e sua ocorrência em tempos de pandemia / The reserve of possible: the lack of financial resources of the state as a justification for non-implementation of social rights and their occurrence in pandemic times

O artigo visa discutir por meio de uma perspectiva econômica e administrativa a limitação dos recursos materiais fornecidos pelo Estado e questionar a efetivação instruída ao fato da necessidade desses recursos, que por sua vez são restringidos e condicionados à sua capacidade financeira. Essa limitação é condicionada em maior ou menor grau e cerceia o exercício de direitos fundamentais podendo gerar a continência de proteção e efetivação. Porém se há um gasto além do aprovado para o orçamento público, como ocorreu em meio a situação pandêmica do COVID-19, um caso de inconstitucionalidade pode ocorrer, além de causar déficits e problemas administrativos, então, o Estado pode se eximir?

AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR GLAUCOMA CLASSIFICATION USING TEXTURE ANALYSIS, XGBOOST AND GRID SEARCH

Glaucoma is an irreversible pathology, generated by increased intraocular pressure. Early detection is critical and can pre- vent total vision loss. Clinical examinations are commonly used to detect the disease. Still, the time and cost of identi- fication is quite high. This paper presents a computational methodology that aims to assist specialists in the discov- ery of glaucoma through Computer Vision techniques. The proposed methodology consists in the application of several texture descriptors combined with a parameter optimiza- tion done through Grid search with the XGBoost classifier. A result was obtained with accuracy of 82.37% and ROC of 82.08%

INCIDÊNCIA DE ERVAS DANINHAS E ATRIBUTOS DO SOLO EM UM AGROSSISTEMA DA PRÉ-AMAZÔNIA, SOB EFEITO DA COBERTURA MORTA DE DIFERENTES COMBINAÇÕES DE LEGUMINOSAS EM ALÉIAS

In humid tropical land-use systems weed diversity and aggressiveness are extremely high, posing serious limitations to no-tillage agriculture. This paper investigates the effects of combining low- and high-quality organic residues on weed abundance and biomass and selected soil quality indicators. For this purpose, a field experiment was installed in January 2002 on-station at Maranhao State University, comprising four legume species: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit., Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp, Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard and Acacia mangium Willd., resulting in the following treatments in a completely randomized block design with 4 replications: L.leucocephala + C.cajan; A.mangium + C.cajan; C.fairchildiana + L.leucocephala; L.leucocephala + A.mangium and control (no legumes). Sampling was conducted in 2005 and 2007. We determined weed abundance and biomass, and N, P, K, Ca, lignin e polyphenol contents of the residues. In the topsoil we determined pH, the contents of organic matter, P, K, Ca, Mg, and H+Al, and soil density, total porosity and aeration capacity. We conclude that aggressiveness of weeds can be reduced and at the same time soil fertility can be improved with alley-cropping systems which contain the combination of both high- and low-quality residue producing plants.Nos agrossistemas do trópico úmido a variedade e a agressividade das ervas daninhas, são muito grandes, o que dificulta a adoção do plantio direto. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de resíduos resultante de diferentes combinações de leguminosas em aléias, sobre a densidade e biomassa de ervas daninhas e alguns atributos do solo. O experimento foi instalado em janeiro de 2002 no campus da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), com as leguminosas: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit.) (leucena),  Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) (guandu), Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard (sombreiro) e Acacia mangium Willd. (acácia), formando os tratamentos: Sombreiro + Guandu; Leucena + Guandu; Acácia + Guandu; Sombreiro + Leucena; Leucena + Acácia e Testemunha. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As amostragens foram realizadas em 2005 e 2007.  Foram determinados os teores de N, P, K, Ca, lignina e polifenol nos resíduos, o pH, matéria orgânica, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, densidade, porosidade total e capacidade de aeração no solo, e a abundância e a biomassa das ervas. Concluiu-se que quando as aléias foram combinadas de forma a permitir aplicação de baixa e alta qualidade de resíduos, houve diminuição na ocorrência e agressividade das ervas daninhas, ao mesmo tempo em que foi melhorada a fertilidade do solo

Discriminação das respostas de genótipos de milho à seca por meio de características fisiológicas e de crescimento e produção

The objective of this work was to evaluate different traits of four corn (Zea mays) genotypes with contrasting responses to drought and to determine the main traits associated to such responses. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. The plants were grown in pots subjected to full irrigation. Drought was imposed to plants at 54 days after sowing and kept constant for 12 consecutive days; however, a group of plants remained under full irrigation. Traits related to leaf gas exchange, photochemical apparatus, growth, and yield were assessed, and data were subjected to hierarchical agglomerative clustering and principal component analysis. DKB 390 distinguishes from the other genotypes for growth and yield traits, while 2B-707 and DKB 390 discriminate from 'BRS 1030' and 'BRS 1010' for physiological traits. Ear length, kernel number per ear, above-ground dry matter, shoot dry matter, and plant height are the most important growth and yield traits to discriminate genotype-dependent drought tolerance. Among the physiological traits, the most important are: chlorophyll content, absorptivity, leaf temperature, maximum fluorescence in the dark-adapted state, minimum fluorescence in the dark-adapted state, water-use efficiency, and intercellular CO2 concentration.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes características de quatro genótipos de milho (Zea mays) com respostas contrastantes à seca e determinar as principais características associadas a tais respostas. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos submetidos à irrigação plena. A seca foi imposta às plantas aos 54 dias após a semeadura e mantida constante por 12 dias consecutivos; no entanto, um grupo de plantas permaneceu sob irrigação plena. Avaliaram‑se as características relacionadas às trocas gasosas foliares, ao aparato fotoquímico, ao crescimento e à produção. Os dados foram submetidos a agrupamento hierárquico e análise de componentes principais. DKB 390 distingue-se dos demais genótipos quanto às características de crescimento e produção, enquanto 2B-707 e DKB 390 distinguem-se dos genótipos 'BRS 1030' e 'BRS 1010' quanto às características fisiológicas. O comprimento da espiga, o número de grãos por espiga, a matéria seca da parte aérea e do caule  e a altura de planta são as características de crescimento e produção mais importantes para discriminar os genótipos de milho quanto à tolerância à seca. Entre as características fisiológicas, as mais importantes são: conteúdo de clorofila, absortividade, temperatura da folha, fluorescência máxima no escuro, fluorescência mínima no escuro, eficiência no uso de água e concentração intercelular de CO2

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

A screening tool for knee pain (KNEST) in primary care: translation, cultural adaptation and results of the application among Brazilian elderly people living in the community

OBJECTIVES: To translate into Brazilian Portuguese and adapt culturally a knee pain screening tool (KNEST) designed for primary care of senior citizens and test it on a sample of elderly patients in Fortaleza, Brazil. METHODS: The translation and cultural adaptation followed the method proposed by Guillemin and coworkers. Elderly subjects enrolled in a health program for senior citizens linked to the UFC medical school and Walter Cant&iacute;dio University Hospital (HUWC) were contacted by phone. Subjects reporting knee pain within the preceding year were offered a rheumatological evaluation at HUWC. During the evaluation were collected clinical and sociodemographic data, questionnaire on arthrosis (WOMAC, Lequesne) and analogic visual scale. RESULTS: The translated and adapted version of the KNEST was administered to 241 elderly subjects. Most were female (72.2%) and the mean age was 72.3 ± 8.0 years. Knee pain was reported by 48.9% (n = 118), of which 56% was bilateral, 45% was chronic and 48.5% had been previously examined by a physician. Pain killers had been employed by 63% of the subjects. The mean age of patients attending the evaluation was 70.3 years. Of these, 91% presented chronic pain and 50.7% bilateral pain. Clinical diagnosis of osteoarthrosis was established in 97% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The translated and adapted version of the KNEST was shown to be easy to use and understand and quick to administer (~ 5 minutes). It adequately evaluated knee pain prevalence, severity, chronicity and impact on available health resources. Knee pain primarily caused by osteoarthrosis was a frequent condition among the elderly in this study.</p

Incidência de ervas daninhas e atributos do solo em um agrossistema da pré-amazônia, sob efeito da cobertura morta de diferentes combinações de leguminosas em aléias

Nos agrossistemas do trópico úmido a variedade e a agressividade das ervas daninhas, são muito grandes, o que dificulta a adoção do plantio direto. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de resíduos resultante de diferentes combinações de leguminosas em aléias, sobre a densidade e biomassa de ervas daninhas e alguns atributos do solo. O experimento foi instalado em janeiro de 2002 no campus da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), com as leguminosas: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit.) (leucena), Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) (guandu), Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard (sombreiro) e Acacia mangium Willd. (acácia), formando os tratamentos: Sombreiro + Guandu; Leucena + Guandu; Acácia + Guandu; Sombreiro + Leucena; Leucena + Acácia e Testemunha. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As amostragens foram realizadas em 2005 e 2007. Foram determinados os teores de N, P, K, Ca, lignina e polifenol nos resíduos, o pH, matéria orgânica, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, densidade, porosidade total e capacidade de aeração no solo, e a abundância e a biomassa das ervas. Concluiu-se que quando as aléias foram combinadas de forma a permitir aplicação de baixa e alta qualidade de resíduos, houve diminuição na ocorrência e agressividade das ervas daninhas, ao mesmo tempo em que foi melhorada a fertilidade do solo

Neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 in stray animals from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel Betacoronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a public health emergency worldwide. Few reports indicate that owned pets from households with at least one human resident that was diagnosed with COVID-19 can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. However, the exposure to SARS-CoV-2 of pets from households with no COVID-19 cases or stray animals remains less assessed. Using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90), we investigated the infection and previous exposure of dogs and cats to SARS-CoV-2 during the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From June to August 2020, 96 animals were sampled, including 49 cats (40 owned and 9 stray) and 47 dogs (42 owned and 5 stray). Regarding owned pets, 75.6% (62/82) belonged to households with no COVID-19 cases. Samples included serum, and rectal and oropharyngeal swabs. All swabs were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, but serum samples of a stray cat and a stray dog presented neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2, with PRNT90 titer of 80 and 40, respectively. Serological data presented here suggest that not only owned pets from households with COVID19 cases, but also stray animals are being exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic

Low prevalence of influenza A strains with resistance markers in Brazil during 2017–2019 seasons

This project was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); Programa Estratégico de Apoio à Pesquisa em Saúde (PAPES), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CNPq, and Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública (CGLAB) from the Brazilian Ministry of Health.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. 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Vitória, ES, Brazil.Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Espírito Santo. Laboratório de Saúde Pública do Estado do Espírito Santo. Vitória, ES, Brazil / Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas. Vitória, ES, Brazil.Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Secretaria de Saúde do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.Secretaria de Saúde do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.Fundação Ezequiel Dias. Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.Fundação Ezequiel Dias. Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.Laboratório Central da Saúde Pública do estado da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brazil.Laboratório Central da Saúde Pública do estado da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brazil.Laboratório Central de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.Laboratório Central de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA. Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA. Brasil.Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis. Brasília, DF, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis. Brasília, DF, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fiocruz Fundation. Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.The influenza A virus (IAV) is of a major public health concern as it causes annual epidemics and has the potential to cause pandemics. At present, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the most widely used anti-influenza drugs, but, more recently, the drug baloxavir marboxil (BXM), a polymerase inhibitor, has also been licensed in some countries. Mutations in the viral genes that encode the antiviral targets can lead to treatment resistance. Worldwide, a low prevalence of antiviral resistant strains has been reported. Despite that, this situation can change rapidly, and resistant strain surveillance is a priority. Thus, the aim of this was to evaluate Brazilian IAVs antiviral resistance from 2017 to 2019 through the identification of viral mutations associated with reduced inhibition of the drugs and by testing the susceptibility of IAV isolates to oseltamivir (OST), the most widely used NAI drug in the country. Initially, we analyzed 282 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 455 A(H3N2) genetic sequences available on GISAID. The amino acid substitution (AAS) NA:S247N was detected in one A(H1N1)pdm09 strain. We also identified NA:I222V (n = 6) and NA:N329K (n = 1) in A(H3N2) strains. In addition, we performed a molecular screening for NA:H275Y in 437 A(H1N1)pdm09 samples, by pyrosequencing, which revealed a single virus harboring this mutation. Furthermore, the determination of OST IC50 values for 222 A(H1N1)pdm09 and 83 A(H3N2) isolates revealed that all isolates presented a normal susceptibility profile to the drug. Interestingly, we detected one A(H3N2) virus presenting with PA:E119D AAS. Moreover, the majority of the IAV sequences had the M2:S31N adamantanes resistant marker. In conclusion, we show a low prevalence of Brazilian IAV strains with NAI resistance markers, in accordance with what is reported worldwide, indicating that NAIs still remain an option for the treatment of influenza infections in Brazil. However, surveillance of influenza resistance should be strengthened in the country for improving the representativeness of investigated viruses and the robustness of the analysis