OpenStreetMap Terrain Mapping Mobile Application

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá tvorbou aplikace pro mobilní zařízení určené k mapování OpenStreetMap v terénu. V rámci teoretického úvodu je popsán projekt OpenStreetMap a způsoby sběru dat. Jsou zde popsána specifika vývoje pro vybrané mobilní platformy. Po důkladnějším seznámení s platformou Android a projektem OSMTracker je popsán návrh, podle kterého probíhá následná implementace rozšíření pro tuto aplikaci.This master's thesis deals with creating OpenStreetMap terrain mapping mobile application. The introduction describes project OpenStreetMap and the methods of collecting data. After that mobile platforms specifics are described. Android and OSMTracker are introduced in the next part of this work. Analysis is followed by description of implementation of OSMTracker extension.

Wireless Control of Desktop Presentation Using Mobile Phone with Bluetooth

Cílem projektu je osvobodit osobu provádějící prezentaci z notebooku nebo i stolního počítače od nutnosti ovládat prezentaci z klávesnice. Systém využívá mobilní telefon s podporou mobilní Javy a Bluetooth technologie ke komunikaci s počítačem. Práce se zaměřuje na užívání v širokém spektru mobilních telefonů a je nezávislá na prezentačních programech možností samostatné definice ovládacích prvků uživatelem. Dokument také obsahuje krátké seznámení s technologiemi mobilní Javy a Bluetooth.The project aims to relieve a person performing a notebook or desktop computer based presentation of a need to control the presentation by a keyboard. The system uses a mobile phone with mobile Java and Bluetooth technology to communicate with the computer. The project focuses on the use by a wide range of mobile phones and it is independent of the presentation program using separate definition of user controls. This document also contains a brief introduction to mobile Java technology and Bluetooth.

Instability driven flow and runoff formation in a small catchment

Two anomalous phenomena were observed in a small catchment: 1) In some situations, the water supplied by rain caused a pronounced decrease in the soil water content. 2) In these periods, the soil water movement could be explained only by assuming an irregularly oscillating outflow of soil water into lower horizons. In these situations a large volume of water flows through the soil; therefore on the hydrological scale, this phenomenon forms a great part of the outflow from a watershed. These phenomena are described in the frame of the instability driven flow theory and explained as consequences of the porous soil body's capacity to become conductive as a result of a very little change of its moisture. Therefore the soil profile can attenuate or amplify the rainfall pulses during their transformation to the outflow below the soil profile. If the soil water content is lower than the threshold value, the rainfall pulses can be suppressed down to zero. If the soil profile contains more water, the soil does not attenuate the rainfall pulses, it can even amplify them by adding the released soil water. This is the mechanism of rapid growth of rising hydrograph limb during a storm event. The rapid transport of the soil water can occur in any part of the porous soil body regardless of the pore size and can be caused by any rainfall event with any intensity, duration or total volume

Dissolved and gaseous nitrogen losses in forests controlled by soil nutrient stoichiometry

Global chronic nitrogen (N) deposition to forests can alleviate ecosystem N limitation, with potentially wide ranging consequences for biodiversity, carbon sequestration, soil and surface water quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the ability to predict these consequences requires improved quantification of hard-to-measure N fluxes, particularly N gas loss and soil N retention. Here we combine a unique set of long-term catchment N budgets in the central Europe with ecosystem 15N data to reveal fundamental controls over dissolved and gaseous N fluxes in temperate forests. Stream leaching losses of dissolved N corresponded with nutrient stoichiometry of the forest floor, with stream N losses increasing as ecosystems progress towards phosphorus limitation, while soil N storage increased with oxalate extractable iron and aluminium content. Our estimates of soil gaseous losses based on 15N stocks averaged 2.5 ± 2.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and comprised 20% ± 14% of total N deposition. Gaseous N losses increased with forest floor N:P ratio and with dissolved N losses. Our relationship between gaseous and dissolved N losses was also able to explain previous 15N-based N loss rates measured in tropical and subtropical catchments, suggesting a generalisable response driven by nitrate (NO3−) abundance and in which the relative importance of dissolved N over gaseous N losses tended to increase with increasing NO3− export. Applying this relationship globally, we extrapolated current gaseous N loss flux from forests to be 8.9 Tg N yr−1, which represent 39% of current N deposition to forests worldwide

Predicting sulphur and nitrogen deposition using a simple statistical method

Data from 32 long-term (1994–2012) monitoring sites were used to assess temporal development and spatial variability of sulphur (S) and inorganic nitrogen (N) concentrations in bulk precipitation, and S in throughfall, for the Czech Republic. Despite large variance in absolute S and N concentration/deposition among sites, temporal coherence using standardised data (Z score) was demonstrated. Overall significant declines of SO4 concentration in bulk and throughfall precipitation, as well as NO3 and NH4 concentration in bulk precipitation, were observed. Median Z score values of bulk SO4, NO3 and NH4 and throughfall SO4 derived from observations and the respective emission rates of SO2, NOx and NH3 in the Czech Republic and Slovakia showed highly significant (p < 0.001) relationships. Using linear regression models, Z score values were calculated for the whole period 1900–2012 and then back-transformed to give estimates of concentration for the individual sites. Uncertainty associated with the concentration calculations was estimated as 20% for SO4 bulk precipitation, 22% for throughfall SO4, 18% for bulk NO3 and 28% for bulk NH4. The application of the method suggested that it is effective in the long-term reconstruction and prediction of S and N deposition at a variety of sites. Multiple regression modelling was used to extrapolate site characteristics (mean precipitation chemistry and its standard deviation) from monitored to unmonitored sites. Spatially distributed temporal development of S and N depositions were calculated since 1900. The method allows spatio-temporal estimation of the acid deposition in regions with extensive monitoring of precipitation chemistry

Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements : the SAPFLUXNET database

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The "sapfluxnetr" R package - designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data - is available from CRAN.Peer reviewe

Long-term hydroecological monitoring in the Krkonoše Mts

The cloud and fog water deposition proved to be important delivery mechanism for both water and pollutants in mountainous headwater regions. A fogwater study has been conducted in the Krkonoše Mts. since 1999 till the present time. The sampling site for the observation and evaluation occult precipitation in the Western region was established in the Modrý potok basin (1010–1554 m a.s.l., 2.62 km2) at the highest point of the watershed (passive cloud and fog water collector) while the bulk precipitation and throughfall samplers were installed near to the closure profile of the basin. Rain gauges are evenly situated at six altitudes of the watershed (from 1020 to 1365 m a. s. l.). In the Eastern region the both passive and active collectors were installed close to the Labská bouda chalet (1325 m a.s.l). The active collector (Eigenbrodt, Germany) is operated automatically by the PWD-11 sensor (Vaisala, Finland). Collected samples were stored in polyethylene bottles and transported as soon as possible to the laboratories of the Czech Geological Survey and Geological Institute of ASCR to the chemical analyses. The results for 1999–2011 will be presented in this article. A wide range of concentrations were encountered, most typically exceeding concentrations occurring in rain (so-called enrichment factors were evaluated) and the estimated wet deposition of the most important chemical compounds were calculated and compared with respect to weighted means of bulk precipitation collected in the open area. Based on the model predictions and on the water balance of the forest canopy the annual occult precipitation total for the Krkonoše Mts. was estimated by 20–25 % of the annual falling precipitation total. The research is supported by the Czech Science Foundation (205/09/1918)

Occult precipitation as an important contribution to the wet deposition in Bohemian Forest

Together six active fog-water collectors and ten passive fog-water collectors were installed in various suitably chosen mountainous parts and urban regions of the Czech Republic with different pollutants loads in order to evaluate if site-to-site differences exist. Fog deposition rates is calculated with the use of the Lovett's mathematical micrometeorogical and obtained samples of cloud were analysed for major ions. Estimated wet deposition for example for NH4+, NO3- and SO4-2 via fog and cloud droplets impaction and sedimentation represents 826, 1810 and 1900 kgkm-2 year-1, respectively