FACTORING, A TOOL FOR TRADE FINANCING

Farmers and traders of agricultural and food industry products on the domestic and external markets have recently became familiar with a new financial expression. Factoring, as a tool for commercial financing, provides attractive benefits to suppliers, and has now been integrated into state subsidy programs. Yet many people often mistakenly identify factoring with the purchase of overdue receivables, or simply use it to resolve sudden or one-off liquidity problems. But this activity really comes into its own in providing genuine benefits when it is used as a long-term technical solution for financing. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Gazdálkodók, illetve a mezÅ‘gazdasági és élelmiszeripari termékekkel bel- és külpiacon kereskedÅ‘k is új pénzügyi kifejezéssel ismerkednek meg az utóbbi idÅ‘ben. A faktoring mint kereskedelem-finanszírozási eszköz rendkívüli elÅ‘nyö-ket biztosít a szállítók számára, sÅ‘t már állami támogatási programokba is be-épült. A faktoringot ugyanakkor sokan tévesen a lejárt követelések megvásárlá-sával azonosítják, vagy egyszeri, hirtelen felmerülÅ‘ likviditási probléma megol-dására használják. Igazán jótékony hatását pedig ez a tevékenység akkor fejti ki, ha hosszú távú finanszírozási technikaként alkalmazzák.financial alternatives in agriculture, low rate of factoring, finanszírozási lehetÅ‘ségek a mezÅ‘gazdaságban, faktoring alacsony jelenléte, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance,

Trauma, History, and the Limits of Language

The question of adequate representation through words, of a proper correlation between object and word, signifier and signified, has always been at the forefront in literary studies. This conundrum has acquired new dimensions in the last century, due to the traumatic events that marked it and led to an irrepressible need to confess and bear witness, in fictional as well as in non-fictional form. This dimension of trauma has unsettled the relationship between what words are taken to represent and the reality they stem from, as well as the very possibility of putting in words certain realities denoting unspeakable individual or collective trauma. After a short theoretical introduction into the concept of trauma, the present essay will seek to analyse a number of instances, from prose, poetry and non-fiction writings, which exemplify the various dimensions of the difficulty of talking about trauma

Ãœzemi méret és energiaköltség a zöldséghajtatásban

Magyarországon a termálenergiára és a megújuló energiára (faapríték-fűtés) alapozott hajtatásos zöldségtermelés kilátásai biztatóak. A zöldséghajtatásban elsÅ‘sorban a 3 és 5 hektáros méretű üzemek azok, amelyek geotermikus energiával és biomasszával fűtve képesek olyan mértékű üzemi eredményt elérni, amely nagy biztonsággal megalapozhatja a talaj nélküli integrált zöldséghajtatás fejlesztését. A fosszilis energiahordozók 100 Watt fűtési teljesítményre jutó üzemi eredménye a 0,5 és 1 ha-os üzemméretek mellett negatív, vagy csak nagyon alacsony eredményeket értek el a vizsgált zöldséghajtató modellgazdaságokban. Az üzemméretbÅ‘l származó elÅ‘nyök az összes fűtési mód esetén 3 ha-os zöldséghajtató modellekben jelentkeznek elÅ‘ször, de a méret növelésével az 5 és 10 ha-os modellüzemeknél a mutatószám értéke csak kis mértékben emelkedett. --------------------------------------------- The prospects for forced vegetable production based on thermal energy and renewable energy (heating with wood chips) are promising in Hungary. In this field, it is predominantly businesses with 3 or 5 hectares of land, using geothermal energy and biomass heating, which are able to achieve profits allowing them to launch soilless integrated vegetable forcing operations. The operating result of fossil sources of energy per 100 W of heating capacity enabled businesses with 0.5 and 1 hectare of land to only achieve negative or very low profits in the model farms studied. Benefits of the scale of business first appeared in the vegetable forcing models farming on 3 hectares for all forms of heating, but increasing land size only caused a slight increase of the index figures for the model farms with 5 or 10 hectares of land.energiaforrások, energiahordozók, integrált zöldséghajtatás, fűtési teljesítmény, méretgazdaságosság, sources of energy, energy resources, integratedforcing of vegetables, heating performance, economies of scale, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Production Economics,

ALTERNATÃV FINANSZÃROZÃSI MÓDOK AZ AGRÃRKERESKEDELEMBEN

KülönbözÅ‘ okok arra ösztönzik a magyar vállalatokat, hogy a klasszikus banki finanszírozás mellett más, egyéb likviditást fokozó eszközök után nézze-nek. Az agrárcégek esetében hatványozottan jelentkezik ez az igény, hiszen szá-mukra mindig is nehezebb volt a banki finanszírozáshoz való hozzájutás a szek-torra jellemzÅ‘ speciális kockázatok, vagy éppen az elégtelen fedezet megléte mi-att. Az alternatív megoldások – faktoring mellett ilyen a forfaiting és a lízing is – keresése esetükben még inkább sürgetÅ‘. A közel évtizedes banki kereskedelem-finanszírozási tapasztalatok azt mutatják, hogy a belföldi szállítások esetén ér-demesebb a faktoring szolgáltatásokat igénybe venni az export faktoring költsé-ges volta miatt (a hazai faktor külföldi faktort is bevon az ügyletbe), míg export esetén a forfaiting tűnik kedvezÅ‘bb megoldásnak. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX For a number of reasons Hungarian companies are impelled to seek, besides classical banks, other sources of finance allowing enhanced liquidity. In the case agricultural enterprises this need occurs with increased strength, because avail-ability of bank finance for them is scarce due to the special risks characterizing the sector or to a lack of adequate collaterals. The search for alternative sources in our case such as factoring, forfeiting and leasing is even more urgent. Nearly a decade experience with merchant bank financing shows that it is well worth to take up factoring services for domestic deliveries because of the expensive nature of export factoring (domestic factors involves also foreign factors) and forfeiting seems to be a more favorable solution for export deliveries.agrárfinanszírozási problémák, faktoring, lizing - financial problems of agriculture, factoring, leasing, Agricultural Finance, Financial Economics,

STAT3 dysregulation in mature T and NK cell lymphomas

T cell lymphomas comprise a distinct class of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, which include mature T and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms. While each malignancy within this group is characterized by unique clinicopathologic features, dysregulation in the Janus tyrosine family of kinases/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, specifically aberrant STAT3 activation, is a common feature among these lymphomas. The mechanisms driving dysregulation vary among T cell lymphoma subtypes and include activating mutations in upstream kinases or STAT3 itself, formation of oncogenic kinases which drive STAT3 activation, loss of negative regulators of STAT3, and the induction of a pro-tumorigenic inflammatory microenvironment. Constitutive STAT3 activation has been associated with the expression of targets able to increase pro-survival signals and provide malignant fitness. Patients with dysregulated STAT3 signaling tend to have inferior clinical outcomes, which underscores the importance of STAT3 signaling in malignant progression. Targeting of STAT3 has shown promising results in pre-clinical studies in T cell lymphoma lines, ex-vivo primary malignant patient cells, and in mouse models of disease. However, targeting this pleotropic pathway in patients has proven difficult. Here we review the recent contributions to our understanding of the role of STAT3 in T cell lymphomagenesis, mechanisms driving STAT3 activation in T cell lymphomas, and current efforts at targeting STAT3 signaling in T cell malignancies

Regulation of Proliferation by a Mitochondrial Potassium Channel in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells

Previous results link the mitochondrial potassium channel Kv1.3 (mitoKv1.3) to the regulation of apoptosis. By synthesizing new, mitochondria-targeted derivatives (PAPTP and PCARBTP) of PAP-1, a specific membrane-permeant Kv1.3 inhibitor, we have recently provided evidence that both drugs acting on mitoKv1.3 are able to induce apoptosis and reduce tumor growth in vivo without affecting healthy tissues and cells. In the present article, by exploiting these new drugs, we addressed the question whether mitoKv1.3 contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation as well. When used at low concentrations, which do not compromise cell survival, both drugs slightly increased the percentage of cells in S phase while decreased the population at G0/G1 stage of cells from two different pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma lines. Our data suggest that the observed modulation is related to ROS levels within the cells, opening the way to link mitochondrial ion channel function to downstream, ROS-related signaling events that might be important for cell cycle progression

OTX2 represses sister cell fate choices in the developing retina to promote photoreceptor specification

During vertebrate retinal development, subsets of progenitor cells generate progeny in a non-stochastic manner, suggesting that these decisions are tightly regulated. However, the gene-regulatory network components that are functionally important in these progenitor cells are largely unknown. Here we identify a functional role for the OTX2 transcription factor in this process. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to produce somatic mutations of OTX2 in the chick retina and identified similar phenotypes to those observed in human patients. Single cell RNA sequencing was used to determine the functional consequences OTX2 gene editing on the population of cells derived from OTX2-expressing retinal progenitor cells. This confirmed that OTX2 is required for the generation of photoreceptors, but also for repression of specific retinal fates and alternative gene regulatory networks. These include specific subtypes of retinal ganglion and horizontal cells, suggesting that in this context, OTX2 functions to repress sister cell fate choices

Ail provides multiple mechanisms of serum resistance to Yersinia pestis

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147847/1/mmi14140_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147847/2/mmi14140.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147847/3/mmi14140-sup-0001-Supinfo.pd

Pumilio directs deadenylation-associated translational repression of the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activator RGC-32

Response gene to complement-32 (RGC-32) activates cyclin-dependent kinase 1, regulates the cell cycle and is deregulated in many human tumours. We previously showed that RGC-32 expression is upregulated by the cancer-associated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in latently infected B cells through the relief of translational repression. We now show that EBV infection of naïve primary B cells also induces RGC-32 protein translation. In EBV-immortalised cell lines, we found that RGC-32 depletion resulted in cell death, indicating a key role in B cell survival. Studying RGC-32 translational control in EBV-infected cells, we found that the RGC-32 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) mediates translational repression. Repression was dependent on a single Pumilio binding element (PBE) adjacent to the polyadenylation signal. Mutation of this PBE did not affect mRNA cleavage, but resulted in increased polyA tail length. Consistent with Pumilio-dependent recruitment of deadenylases, we found that depletion of Pumilio in EBV-infected cells increased RGC-32 protein expression and polyA tail length. The extent of Pumilio binding to the endogenous RGC-32 mRNA in EBV-infected cell lines also correlated with RGC-32 protein expression. Our data demonstrate the importance of RGC-32 for the survival of EBV-immortalised B cells and identify Pumilio as a key regulator of RGC-32 translation

Microbial neuraminidase induces a moderate and transient myelin vacuolation independent of complement system activation

Aims: Some central nervous system pathogens express neuraminidase (NA) on their surfaces. In the rat brain, a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NA induces myelin vacuolation in axonal tracts. Here, we explore the nature, the time course, and the role of the complement system in this damage. Methods: The spatiotemporal analysis of myelin vacuolation was performed by optical and electron microscopy. Myelin basic protein-positive area and oligodendrocyte transcription factor (Olig2)-positive cells were quantified in the damaged bundles. Neuronal death in the affected axonal tracts was assessed by Fluoro-Jade B and anti-caspase-3 staining. To evaluate the role of the complement, membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition on damaged bundles was analyzed using anti-C5b9. Rats ICV injected with the anaphylatoxin C5a were studied for myelin damage. In addition, NA-induced vacuolation was studied in rats with different degrees of complement inhibition: normal rats treated with anti-C5-blocking antibody and C6-deficient rats. Results: The stria medullaris, the optic chiasm, and the fimbria were the most consistently damaged axonal tracts. Vacuolation peaked 7 days after NA injection and reverted by day 15. Olig2+ cell number in the damaged tracts was unaltered, and neurodegeneration associated with myelin alterations was not detected. MAC was absent on damaged axonal tracts, as revealed by C5b9 immunostaining. Rats ICV injected with the anaphylatoxin C5a displayed no myelin injury. When the complement system was experimentally or constitutively inhibited, NA-induced myelin vacuolation was similar to that observed in normal rats. Conclusion: Microbial NA induces a moderate and transient myelin vacuolation that is not caused either by neuroinflammation or complement system activation