711 research outputs found

    Cell transformation assays for prediction of carcinogenic potential: State of the science and future research needs

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    Copyright @ 2011 The Authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Cell transformation assays (CTAs) have long been proposed as in vitro methods for the identification of potential chemical carcinogens. Despite showing good correlation with rodent bioassay data, concerns over the subjective nature of using morphological criteria for identifying transformed cells and a lack of understanding of the mechanistic basis of the assays has limited their acceptance for regulatory purposes. However, recent drivers to find alternative carcinogenicity assessment methodologies, such as the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive, have fuelled renewed interest in CTAs. Research is currently ongoing to improve the objectivity of the assays, reveal the underlying molecular changes leading to transformation and explore the use of novel cell types. The UK NC3Rs held an international workshop in November 2010 to review the current state of the art in this field and provide directions for future research. This paper outlines the key points highlighted at this meeting

    Der implizite Kombilohn in der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende: Ergebnisbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Integrationsmodells "job2work"

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    Das von Januar bis September 2006 mit einer Nachlaufphase bis Dezember 2006 im Rahmen der ESF-kofinanzierten Arbeitsmarktpolitik des Landes Thüringen geförderte Projekt "job2work" war darauf ausgerichtet, ein arbeitsmarktpolitisches Konzept zu entwickeln und zu erproben, das mit Hilfe von "Kombilöhnen" die nachhaltige Integration von langzeitarbeitslosen Menschen in den regulären Arbeitsmarkt bewirken soll. Die zentrale Basis des Projekts liegt in der Einführung der "Freibeträge bei Erwerbstätigkeit" nach Paragraphen 11 und 30 SGB II in die Praxis zur Eingliederung erwerbsfähiger Hilfebedürftiger in Arbeit. Diese gesetzlichen Regelungen zielen darauf, einen allgemeinen und grundsätzlich wirkenden Anreiz zur Arbeitsaufnahme für Leistungen nach dem SGB II Beziehende zu schaffen, indem die Transferentzugsrate gegenüber den früher bei der Arbeitslosen- und der Sozialhilfe gültigen Regelungen gesenkt wird. Um die Integrationserfolge des Projekts hinsichtlich der Frage Verringerung oder Wegfall der Hilfebedürftigkeit beurteilen zu können, werden in dem Bericht für ausgewählte Bedarfsgemeinschaften verschiedene Bereiche des Erwerbseinkommens betrachtet, die den Wegfall der Hilfebedürftigkeit markieren. Abschnitt 2 stellt das Projekt vor (zeitlicher Ablauf, Rahmenbedingungen, Interessen der Träger und die Sicht der einstellenden Unternehmen und der vermittelten Arbeitslosen). Abschnitt 3 widmet sich dem Umsetzungserfolg des Projekts auf Basis qualitativer Untersuchungsmethoden. Dabei werden folgende Fragestellungen bearbeitet: In welcher Zahl der Fälle wird die Arbeitsaufnahme erreicht; steht sie in einem angemessenen Verhältnis zum Aufwand der Initialphase? Wie nachhaltig ist die Arbeitsaufnahme? Welche Mechanismen wurden entwickelt um den Nachteil der fehlenden Verbindlichkeit auszugleichen? Welche Lohnbereiche sind für die Arbeitnehmer bei Fortsetzung des Beschäftigungsverhältnisses zu erwarten? Wurde die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit der Arbeitskräfte verbessert? Wie wirksam ist die Kommunikationsstrategie? Welches Vermittlungspotential wird im Job2work-Netzwerk unabhängig von dem in diesem Fall genutzten Anreizmechanismus erkennbar. (IAB2

    Tissue engineering strategies to bioengineer the ageing skin phenotype in vitro

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    Human skin ageing is a complex and heterogeneous process, which is influenced by genetically determined intrinsic factors and accelerated by cumulative exposure to extrinsic stressors. In the current world ageing demographic, there is a requirement for a bioengineered ageing skin model, to further the understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms of skin ageing, and provide a distinct and biologically relevant platform for testing actives and formulations. There have been many recent advances in the development of skin models that recapitulate aspects of the ageing phenotype in vitro. This review encompasses the features of skin ageing, the molecular mechanisms that drive the ageing phenotype, and tissue engineering strategies that have been utilised to bioengineer ageing skin in vitro

    Cytotoxicity screening of 23 engineered nanomaterials using a test matrix of ten cell lines and three different assays

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Engineered nanomaterials display unique properties that may have impact on human health, and thus require a reliable evaluation of their potential toxicity. Here, we performed a standardized <it>in vitro </it>screening of 23 engineered nanomaterials. We thoroughly characterized the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials and adapted three classical <it>in vitro </it>toxicity assays to eliminate nanomaterial interference. Nanomaterial toxicity was assessed in ten representative cell lines.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Six nanomaterials induced oxidative cell stress while only a single nanomaterial reduced cellular metabolic activity and none of the particles affected cell viability. Results from heterogeneous and chemically identical particles suggested that surface chemistry, surface coating and chemical composition are likely determinants of nanomaterial toxicity. Individual cell lines differed significantly in their response, dependent on the particle type and the toxicity endpoint measured.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p><it>In vitro </it>toxicity of the analyzed engineered nanomaterials cannot be attributed to a defined physicochemical property. Therefore, the accurate identification of nanomaterial cytotoxicity requires a matrix based on a set of sensitive cell lines and <it>in vitro </it>assays measuring different cytotoxicity endpoints.</p

    Collaborative Training of Medical Artificial Intelligence Models with non-uniform Labels

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    Artificial intelligence (AI) methods are revolutionizing medical image analysis. However, robust AI models require large multi-site datasets for training. While multiple stakeholders have provided publicly available datasets, the ways in which these data are labeled differ widely. For example, one dataset of chest radiographs might contain labels denoting the presence of metastases in the lung, while another dataset of chest radiograph might focus on the presence of pneumonia. With conventional approaches, these data cannot be used together to train a single AI model. We propose a new framework that we call flexible federated learning (FFL) for collaborative training on such data. Using publicly available data of 695,000 chest radiographs from five institutions - each with differing labels - we demonstrate that large and heterogeneously labeled datasets can be used to train one big AI model with this framework. We find that models trained with FFL are superior to models that are trained on matching annotations only. This may pave the way for training of truly large-scale AI models that make efficient use of all existing data.Comment: 2 figures, 3 tables, 5 supplementary table
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