Seqüência do tratamento de curta duração da tuberculose pulmonar em Unidades Sanitárias do Vale do Paraíba, 1980-1981, São Paulo, Brasil

The results of the short-term chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis performed on patients who were admitted to the Health Clinics of one of the S. Paulo State's Health Divisions and who completed the treatment during the period from October 1980 to October 1981 are shown. Such aspects of the records as Health Districts, patient's age and sex, success and regimen of treatment, hospitalization, drug toxicity and smear negativity period were analysed. The findings confirm the effectiveness of short-term chemotherapy under program conditions as corroborated by its acceptability to the patients, the success achieved and the benefits in the decrease of the number of admissions to hospital and in the reduction of the sources of infection within a shorter period.Estuda-se a seqüência do tratamento de curta duração em doentes com tuberculose pulmonar, inscritos e com alta no período de outubro de 1980 a outubro de 1981, nas Unidades Sanitárias do Departamento Regional de Saúde do Vale do Paraíba - DRS-3 - da Secretaria da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados obtidos pela verificação dos prontuários dos doentes foram analisados sob os seguintes aspectos: distrito sanitário, idade e sexo do paciente, tipo de alta, esquema de tratamento, hospitalização, intolerância medicamentosa e tempo de negativação do escarro. Dos 308 doentes que constituíram a população de estudo, 254 (82,5%) tiveram alta por cura, 21 (6,8%) por abandono e 33 (10,7%) por mudança de diagnóstico, óbito ou transferência. Os resultados confirmam a efetividade do tratamento encurtado da tuberculose pulmonar com os esquemas recomendados, apresentando na área trabalhada baixas taxas de abandono e de hospitalização e resultados bastante favoráveis quanto à negativação dos bacilíferos

Hydrolysis of oligosaccharides over solid acid catalysts: a review

Mild fractionation/pretreatment processes are becoming the most preferred choices for biomass processing within the biorefinery framework. To further explore their advantages, new developments are needed, especially to increase the extent of the hydrolysis of poly- and oligosaccharides. A possible way forward is the use of solid acid catalysts that may overcome many current drawbacks of other common methods. In this Review, the advantages and limitations of the use of heterogeneous catalysis for the main groups of solid acid catalysts (zeolites, resins, carbon materials, clays, silicas, and other oxides) and their relation to the hydrolysis of model soluble disaccharides and soluble poly- and oligosaccharides are presented and discussed. Special attention is given to the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and hemicellulose-derived saccharides into monosaccharides, the impact on process performance of potential catalyst poisons originating from biomass and biomass hydrolysates (e.g., proteins, mineral ions, etc.). The data clearly point out the need for studying hemicelluloses in natura rather than in model compound solutions that do not retain the relevant factors influencing process performance. Furthermore, the desirable traits that solid acid catalysts must possess for the efficient hemicellulose hydrolysis are also presented and discussed with regard to the design of new catalysts

Perfil dos médicos formados na FMUSP e ingresso na residência médica

A graduação em medicina no Brasil tem impacto no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do país. Dentre as universidades brasileiras, a Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP) merece destaque como centro formador de especialistas. Considerando esse cenário, buscou-se descrever o perfil dos egressos da graduação da FMUSP entre os anos de 1998 e 2018 e sua trajetória de ingresso na residência médica. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de delineamento transversal baseado na análise de bases de dados secundárias. Dos 3.637 registros analisados, 38,8% eram mulheres, proporção que aumentou ao longo do tempo. A média de idade na graduação foi de 24,2 anos. A maioria dos egressos nasceu (89%) e permaneceu (91%) no Estado de São Paulo, 82,5% fez residência no HC FMUSP, 3,7% fez residência em outra instituição e 13,8% não ingressou em nenhuma residência médica até 2019. Dentre os que fizeram alguma residência, 69,6% entraram direto (no ano seguinte após a graduação), 22,6% aguardaram 1 ano, 4,9% aguardaram 2 anos e 2,9% aguardaram 3 anos ou mais. Considerando todos os egressos, 58,6% entraram direto na residência médica do HC FMUSP. Em suma, a residência HC FMUSP foi a principal responsável pela especialização dos graduandos e abrigou a maior parte dos alunos que buscaram alguma especialização logo em seguida à conclusão da graduação.Medical schools in Brazil have an impact on the country’s public health care system (SUS). Among Brazilian universities, the “Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo” (FMUSP) has a central role as a training center for specialists. This way, we sought to describe the profile of FMUSP graduates and their trajectory pursuing specialization between the years of 1998 and 2018. This is an observational cross-sectional study based on the analysis of secondary databases. Of the 3,637 records analyzed, 38.8% were women, a proportion that has increased over time. The average age at graduation was 24.2 years. Most graduates were born (89%) and stayed (91%) in the State of São Paulo, 82.5% did their medical residency at the “Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP”, 3.7% did a medical residency in another institution and 13.8% did not get in any medical residency until 2019. Among those who did a specialization, 69.6% entered the residency right after graduation from medical school, 22.6% waited 1 year, 4.9% waited 2 years and 2.9% waited 3 years or more. Considering all graduates, 58.6% entered the medical residency at HC FMUSP right after graduation. To sum up, the HC FMUSP residency program was responsible for the specialization of the vast majority of doctors and most of those students entered residency shortly after graduation

Esterification of fatty acids from waste cooking oil to biodiesel over a sulfonated resin/PVA composite

Sulfonated cation exchange resins (s-CERs) have been widely studied as a replacement of liquid acids for the catalysis of esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) to produce biodiesel with water as the only by-product. However, the water produced has strong affinity to sulfonate groups in s-CERs, which block the reactive sites for esterification and thus reduce the activity of a catalyst. To overcome this technical barrier, we have designed an s-CER/PVA composite by incorporating s-CER fines within a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix. PVA has a much stronger absorption preference for water than s-CERs and has very low selectivity for reactants (FFAs and methanol), which enables continuous removal of the produced water and liberation of reactive sulfonate sites in s-CERs for catalysis. With s-CER/PVA, FFA conversion was increased from 80.1% to 97.5% after an 8-hour reaction and the turnover frequency (TOF) was increased more than 3.3 times. The TOF of s-CER/PVA was also 2.6 times higher than that of sulfuric acid, suggesting that water-less, heterogeneous sulfonate sites are more reactive than water-blocked homogeneous ones. The reusability of s-CER/PVA was also enhanced due to the fact that the produced water that could cause deactivation of the s-CERs was largely removed by PVA

Transformation of cellulose into non-ionic surfactants in a one pot catalytic process

Alkyl glucosides surfactants have been synthesized by a cascade process which involves the methanolysis of cellulose into methyl glucosides followed by the transacetalization with n-octanol. The first step was carried out using methanol as solvent and acid catalysts (such as inorganic acids, heteropolyacids, ion-exchange resins or modified carbon materials). Subsequently long chain alkyl glucosides can be obtained in a second step by transacetalization which involves the reaction of methyl glucosides with a fatty alcohol using the same acid catalyst. The overall process was performed under mild conditions. Amorphous sulfonated carbon catalyst achieved the best results for the complete conversion of cellulose in methanol at 200 οC with yields higher than 80 % of methyl α,β-glucopyranosides. Moreover, this material containing -SO3H groups is optimal to perform the second step obtaining octyl and decyl glucosides in yields higher than 73 % at 120 οC. In addition, catalyst reusability has been tested showing that sulfonated carbon catalyst (C-SO3H) can be reused with only a slightly decrease of its activity after four consecutive cycles.Financial support by Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (Project Multicat), Spanish MICINN Project (CTQ-2015-67592-P), Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo Program) and Program Severo Ochoa is gratefully acknowledged.Climent Olmedo, MJ.; Corma Canós, A.; Iborra Chornet, S.; Martínez Silvestre, S. (2016). Transformation of cellulose into non-ionic surfactants in a one pot catalytic process. ChemSusChem. 9(24):119-128. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201600977S11912892

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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo refletir sobre a Poética e sobre a Técnica que envolvem a Cerâmica como meio de expressão. Tal reflexão foi feita por meio da análise de depoimentos de sete artistas, bem como da observação das singularidades de seus trabalhos em cerâmica. Entre os critérios para seleção dos artistas estão o reconhecimento no meio artístico e a ousadia ao transcenderem os limites técnicos conhecidos.This research aims to reflect about the Poetics and the Technical which involve Ceramics as a means of expression. This reflection was made by analyzing seven artists\' testimonies as well as the observation of singularities of their ceramic works. Among the criteria for the artists selection is their recognition in the artistic world and the daring to transcend the known technical limit

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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo refletir sobre a Poética e sobre a Técnica que envolvem a Cerâmica como meio de expressão. Tal reflexão foi feita por meio da análise de depoimentos de sete artistas, bem como da observação das singularidades de seus trabalhos em cerâmica. Entre os critérios para seleção dos artistas estão o reconhecimento no meio artístico e a ousadia ao transcenderem os limites técnicos conhecidos.This research aims to reflect about the Poetics and the Technical which involve Ceramics as a means of expression. This reflection was made by analyzing seven artists\' testimonies as well as the observation of singularities of their ceramic works. Among the criteria for the artists selection is their recognition in the artistic world and the daring to transcend the known technical limit

Joints: Body poesy. The body experiency expressed through ceramics.

Esta pesquisa traz as reflexões sobre a imagem do corpo, que surgiram no decorrer do percurso artístico, utilizando a cerâmica como principal meio de expressão poética. Trabalhando com diversas técnicas de modelagem, pintura e impressão em cerâmica, desenrolam-se reflexões sobre o corpo - principalmente sobre o meu próprio e minhas experiências, sensações e sentimentosThis research brings reflections about the body image, which appeared during the artistic process, using ceramic as the primary means of poetic expression. Working with various modeling techniques, painting and printing on ceramics, unfold reflections about the body - mostly on my own and my experiences, sensations and feelings