Extraction, purification and analysis of conotoxin of Conus textile captured from Persian Gulf and the investigation of analgesic effects of conotoxins in an animal model

Identification of venomous species of Persian Gulf cone snails and characterization of venom composition and their features is so important from the point of medical importance. Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. The venom of cone snails has yielded a rich source of novel neuroactive peptides or conotoxins. The present study was aimed to study the analgesic effect of Persian Gulf Conus textile and its comparison with morphine in mouse model. The specimens of Conus textile were collected of Larak Island from depth of 7 m. The collected samples were transferred to laboratory alive and were stored at -700 c. he veno s ducts were separated and ho ogenized with deionized water he ixture centrifuged at rp for inutes upernatant was considered as extracted veno and stored at - C after lyophylization. The protein profile of venom determined by using SDS-PAGE and HPLC used to investigate the extracted venom and to evaluate the analgesic activity, formalin test was carried out. SDS-PAGE indicated several bands ranged between 6 and 250 kDa. Chromatogram of the venom demonstrated more than 44 large and small fractions. The amount of 10 ng of Conus crude venom and analgesic peptide showed the best anti-pain activity in formalin test. No death observed up to 100 mg/kg, which is 250,000 times higher than the effective dose.Venom characterization of Persian Gulf Conus textile may be of medical importance and potential for new pharmaceutical drugs as well

Recovery of Natural Antioxidants from Fruit Juice Industry Residuals by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Response Surface Methodology

Fruit processing industries produce by-products that are good sources of natural antioxidants. These residuals are non-toxic and available in large quantities. A central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize experimental conditions. The processing variables were solvent type, solvent to solid ratio, ethanol concentration, temperature, and time. The responses were total phenolic content (TPC), scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and yield. The optimal conditions were 70% ethanol— water mixture as a food grade solvent, temperature of 35 °C and extraction time 60 min for obtaining extracts with maximum of total phenolic content. Predicted values for total phenolic content in pear, apricot, and peach were 24.7, 19.3, and 10.4 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g fruit residual, respectively

Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanin and phenolic compounds from purple sweet potato using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was used to optimize experimental conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of valuable components (anthocyanins and phenolics) from purple sweet potatoes using water as a solvent. The Box-Behnken design was used for optimizing extraction responses of anthocyanin extraction yield, phenolic extraction yield, and specific energy consumption. Conditions to obtain maximal anthocyanin extraction yield, maximal phenolic extraction yield, and minimal specific energy consumption were different; an overall desirability function was used to search for overall optimal conditions: extraction temperature of 68C, ultrasonic treatment time of 52 min, and a liquid/solid ratio of 20. The optimized anthocyanin extraction yield, phenolic extraction yield, and specific energy consumption were 4.91 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, 3.24 mg g-1 fresh weight, and 2.07 kWh g-1, respectively, with a desirability of 0.99. This study indicates that ultrasound-assisted extraction should contribute to a green process for valorization of purple sweet potatoes

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from potato peels: profiling and kinetic modelling

peer-reviewedUltrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) at 33 and 42 kHz has been investigated in the extraction of polyphenols from peels of two potato varieties, cream‐skinned Lady Claire (LC) and pink‐skinned Lady Rosetta (LR), commonly used in snack food production. Extraction efficacy between the UAE‐untreated (control) and the UAE‐treated extracts was assessed on the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacities (DPPH and FRAP). Application of UAE showed significantly higher recovery of phenolic compounds compared to solid–liquid extraction process alone. Lower ultrasonic frequency (33 kHz) was more effective in recovering polyphenols compared to 42 kHz ultrasonic treatment. The liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry revealed that chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were the most prevalent phenolics in LR peels, whereas caffeic acid was dominant in LC peels. Peleg's equation showed a good correlation (R2 > 0.92) between the experimental values and the predicted values on the kinetics of UAE of phenolic compounds.The authors acknowledge financial support from the ‘NovTechIng’ project funded under the Food Institutional Research Measure (Project No. FIRM/11/F/050) by the Irish Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine

Optimization of total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) and total phenolic content (TPC) extractions from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) hull using ultrasonic treatments.

The extraction yields of anthocyanins (TMA) and total phenolics (TPC) from mangosteen hull were optimized by varying the amplitude and time of ultrasonic treatment. The highest TMA recovery of 2.92 mg cy-3-glu/g hull powder was achieved using methanol aqueous solvent when direct ultrasonic treatment was applied for 15 min at 20% amplitude. For the TPC, 245.78 mg GAE/g hull powder was obtained in ethanol with sonication time of 25 min and at 80% amplitude. These TMA and TPC yields obtained are respectively 45.6% and 8.8% higher (p < 0.05) when compared to those without ultrasonic treatment. The ultrasonic treatment is able to improve anthocyanin extraction more effectively than the total phenolics from mangosteen hull

The influence of solid state information and descriptor selection on statistical models of temperature dependent aqueous solubility.

Predicting the equilibrium solubility of organic, crystalline materials at all relevant temperatures is crucial to the digital design of manufacturing unit operations in the chemical industries. The work reported in our current publication builds upon the limited number of recently published quantitative structure-property relationship studies which modelled the temperature dependence of aqueous solubility. One set of models was built to directly predict temperature dependent solubility, including for materials with no solubility data at any temperature. We propose that a modified cross-validation protocol is required to evaluate these models. Another set of models was built to predict the related enthalpy of solution term, which can be used to estimate solubility at one temperature based upon solubility data for the same material at another temperature. We investigated whether various kinds of solid state descriptors improved the models obtained with a variety of molecular descriptor combinations: lattice energies or 3D descriptors calculated from crystal structures or melting point data. We found that none of these greatly improved the best direct predictions of temperature dependent solubility or the related enthalpy of solution endpoint. This finding is surprising because the importance of the solid state contribution to both endpoints is clear. We suggest our findings may, in part, reflect limitations in the descriptors calculated from crystal structures and, more generally, the limited availability of polymorph specific data. We present curated temperature dependent solubility and enthalpy of solution datasets, integrated with molecular and crystal structures, for future investigations

Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of Volatile Compounds of Traditional Herbal Waters Per Serving Cup: Antioxidant activity of traditional herbal waters

Herbal water is referred to the liquid obtained from the distillation of medicinal plants. Different parts of plants, such as flowers, fruits, leaves, seeds and roots have long been used to produce herbal waters. Herbal waters are used as dietary supplements and alternative medicine and are commonly used for flavoring in baking. Previous studies focused on the non-volatile constituents of herbs. However, plants also contain numerous volatile chemicals. Therefore, antioxidant capacities of 20 Iranian herbal waters were assessed by FRAP, DPPH and TEAC assays, and their total phenolic contents measured by Folin–Ciocalteu assay. These herbal waters exhibited a broad range of antioxidant activities, varying from 0.18 to 3.20 mmol Fe2+/l in the FRAP assay, 91.43-94.99% inhibition in the DPPH assay, 19.27-28.79 mg trolox equivalent/ml in the TEAC assay and 2.90-132.51 mg gallic acid equivalent/l in total phenolic content. Classification of Iranian herbal water was performed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis and four groups were recognized based on antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. Rose, thyme, summer savory and mint herbal waters were screened as the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content

Determination of Phenol and Carvacrol in Honey Samples Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Experimental Design for Optimization

A very simple, rapid and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was developed for the determination of phenol and carvacrol in honey samples. A mixture of 100 µl dichloromethane (extraction solvent) and 0.5 ml acetonitrile (disperser solvent) was rapidly injected into sample solution. Thereby a cloudy solution was formed. After centrifuging, the fine droplets of extraction solvent were sedimented in the bottom of the conical test tube. Sedimented phase (0.6 µl) was injected into the GC-FID system. Experimental parameters which control the performance of DLLME, such as type and volumes of extraction and disperser solvents, pH, salt effect and extraction time were investigated. Under optimum conditions obtained by the response surface methodology, the method was found to be linear in the range of 10-200 mg l-1. The limits of detection for phenol and carvacrol were 4.15 and 3.9, respectively, and the extraction recovery ranged from 67-97.3%