La crítica del conocimiento a través del lenguaje en Nietzsche

Los escritos de Nietzsche Sobre verdad y mentira en sentido extramoral y Descripción de la retórica antigua pertenecen a una época de su producción intelectual (entre 1872 y 1875 como ha señalado Lacoue-Labarthe) en la que ensaya tomar elementos de análisis de la retórica para explicar el proceso de conocimiento a partir del lenguaje.  Por una parte, la retórica se convierte en un recurso teórico para analizar el lenguaje a partir de la actividad del propio cuerpo, esto es, la actividad de los instintos.  Por otra, permite cuestionar el estatuto del lenguaje que se presenta como verdadero, ya sea el de la ciencia o el de la filosofía, dado que se considerará que el lenguaje es originariamente tropológico o figurativo. El interés del estudio de los fragmentos y ensayos de este período reside en que las críticas al lenguaje del pensamiento metafísico que aparecen en las obras posteriores de Nietzsche remiten a sus investigaciones de ésta época, aún cuando ya no utilice el vocabulario de la retórica. Palabras claves: lenguaje, conocimiento, retórica, tropos, transposiciones, conceptos.Abstract:Nietzsche’s texts On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense and Description of Ancient Rhetoric belong to his period of intellectual production (between 1872 and 1875 as Lacoue- Labarthe has pointed out) in which he experimented in using elements of rhetorical analysis to explain the process of knowledge through language.  On the one hand, rhetoric became a theoretical resource to analyze language, beginning from the activity of the body itself, that is, the activity of instincts.  On the other hand, rhetoric facilitates the act of questioning of the statue of language that is presented as true, either in science or in philosophy, given that one considers language as originally tropic or figurative.  The interest of studying the fragments and essays of this period lies in that the critics of the language of metaphysical thought that appear in Nietzsche´s later works refer to his research of this period, even when he no longer uses the vocabulary of rhetoric.Keywords: language, knowledge, rhetoric, tropes, transpositions, concepts.</p

Flexibility along the Neck of the Neogene Terror Bird Andalgalornis steulleti (Aves Phorusrhacidae)

BACKGROUND: Andalgalornis steulleti from the upper Miocene-lower Pliocene (≈6 million years ago) of Argentina is a medium-sized patagornithine phorusrhacid. It was a member of the predominantly South American radiation of 'terror birds' (Phorusrhacidae) that were apex predators throughout much of the Cenozoic. A previous biomechanical study suggests that the skull would be prepared to make sudden movements in the sagittal plane to subdue prey. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We analyze the flexion patterns of the neck of Andalgalornis based on the neck vertebrae morphology and biometrics. The transitional cervical vertebrae 5th and 9th clearly separate regions 1-2 and 2-3 respectively. Bifurcate neural spines are developed in the cervical vertebrae 7th to 12th suggesting the presence of a very intricate ligamentary system and of a very well developed epaxial musculature. The presence of the lig. elasticum interespinale is inferred. High neural spines of R3 suggest that this region concentrates the major stresses during downstrokes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The musculoskeletal system of Andalgalornis seems to be prepared (1) to support a particularly big head during normal stance, and (2) to help the neck (and the head) rising after the maximum ventroflexion during a strike. The study herein is the first interpretation of the potential performance of the neck of Andalgalornis in its entirety and we considered this an important starting point to understand and reconstruct the flexion pattern of other phorusrhacids from which the neck is unknown

Exceptional skull of huayqueriana (mammalia, litopterna, macraucheniidae) from the late miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, systematics, and peleobiological implications

The Huayquerías Formation (Late Miocene, Huayquerian SALMA) is broadly exposed in westcentral Argentina (Mendoza). The target of several major paleontological expeditions in the first half of the 20th century, the Mendozan Huayquerías (badlands) have recently yielded a significant number of new fossil finds. In this contribution we describe a complete skull (IANIGLA-PV 29) and place it systematically as Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata (Rovereto, 1914) (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae). The specimen shares some nonexclusive features with H. cristata (similar size, rostral border of the orbit almost level with distal border of M3, convergence of maxillary bones at the level of the P3/P4 embrasure, flat snout, very protruding orbits, round outline of premaxillary area in palatal view, and small diastemata between I3/C and C/P1). Other differences (e.g., lack of sagittal crest) may or may not represent intraspecific variation. In addition to other features described here, endocast reconstruction utilizing computer tomography (CT) revealed the presence of a derived position of the orbitotemporal canal running below the rhinal fissure along the lateroventral aspect of the piriform lobe. CT scanning also established that the maxillary nerve (CN V2) leaves the skull through the sphenoorbital fissure, as in all other litopterns, a point previously contested for macraucheniids. The angle between the lateral semicircular canal and the plane of the base of the skull is about 26°, indicating that in life the head was oriented much as in modern horses. Depending on the variables used, estimates of the body mass of IANIGLA-PV 29 produced somewhat conflicting results. Our preferred body mass estimate is 250 kg, based on the centroid size of 36 3D cranial landmarks and accompanying low prediction error. The advanced degree of tooth wear in IANIGLA-PV 29 implies that the individual died well into old age. However, a count of cementum lines on the sectioned left M2 is consistent with an age at death of 10 or 11 years, younger than expected given its body mass. This suggests that the animal had a very abrasive diet. Phylogenetic analysis failed to resolve the position of IANIGLA-PV 29 satisfactorily, a result possibly influenced by intraspecific variation. There is no decisive evidence for the proposition that Huayqueriana, or any other litoptern, were foregut fermenters.Fil: Forasiepi, Analia Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: MacPhee, Ross D. E.. American Museum Of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Hernández del Pino, Santiago Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Schmidt, Gabriela Ines. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Amson, Eli. Universitat Zurich; SuizaFil: Grohé, Camille. American Museum Of Natural History; Estados Unido

Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely highpowered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIP

Un nouveau chinchilloïde (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) du Miocène inférieur des localités de Bryn Gwyn et Gran Barranca (Patagonie, Argentine)

Un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espèce de rongeur chinchilloïde sont ici décrits. Celui-ci a été trouvé dans les niveaux colhuéhuapiens (Miocène inférieur des localités de Bryn Gwyn et de Gran Baranca, province de Chubut, Argentine). Le nouveau taxon montre une combinaison unique de caractères (à savoir, dents protohypsodontes, molaires supérieures trilophodontes, m1 et m2 tri- ou tétralophodontes avec la seconde crête en position de développement variable et m3 trilophodonte, ciment absent) qui le rend différent de tous les autres chinchilloïdes connus. Une analyse phylogénétique a été réalisée pour confirmer les relations du nouveau taxon au sein des Chinchilloidea. Nos résultats montrent que le nouveau taxon se classe au mieux en tant que Chinchilloida incertae sedis, avec Incamys, Garridomys et Scotamys. Ces espèces forment le stock basal qui conduit à la lignée moderne des Chinchillidae (chinchillas et viscachas). La présence du nouveau taxon dans ces localités augmente la diversité des chinchilloïdes pendant le Miocène inférieur et réduit la différence entre les faunes trouvées à Bryn Gwyn et à Gran Barranca.A new genus and species of chinchilloid rodent is described here. It was found in Colhuehuapian levels (early Miocene) of the localities of Bryn Gwyn and Gran Barranca, Chubut Province, Argentina. The new taxon shows a unique combination of characters (e.g., protohypsodont teeth, upper molars trilophodont, m1 and m2 tri- or tetralophodont with the second crest in position of variable development, and m3 trilophodont, cement absent) that make it different from any other known chinchilloids. We performed a phylogenetic analysis to corroborate the relationships of the new taxon within the Chinchilloidea. Our results indicate that the new taxon is best classified as Chinchilloidea incertae sedis, together with Incamys, Garridomys, and Scotamys. These species form the basal stock that leads to the modern lineage Chinchillidae (chinchillas and viscachas). The presence of the new taxon in these localities increases the diversity of chinchilloids during the early Miocene and reduces the dissimilarity between the faunas found in Bryn Gwyn and Gran Barranca.</p

On principal eigenvalues for periodic parabolic Steklov problems

Let Ω be a C2+γ domain in ℝN, N≥2, 0<γ<1. Let T>0 and let L be a uniformly parabolic operator Lu=∂u/∂t−∑i,j (∂/∂xi) (aij(∂u/∂xj))+∑jbj (∂u/∂xi)+a0u, a0≥0, whose coefficients, depending on (x,t)∈Ω×ℝ, are T periodic in t and satisfy some regularity assumptions. Let A be the N×N matrix whose i,j entry is aij and let ν be the unit exterior normal to ∂Ω. Let m be a T-periodic function (that may change sign) defined on ∂Ω whose restriction to ∂Ω×ℝ belongs to Wq2−1/q,1−1/2q(∂Ω×(0,T)) for some large enough q. In this paper, we give necessary and sufficient conditions on m for the existence of principal eigenvalues for the periodic parabolic Steklov problem Lu=0 on Ω×ℝ, 〈A∇u,ν〉=λmu on ∂Ω×ℝ, u(x,t)=u(x,t+T), u>0 on Ω×ℝ. Uniqueness and simplicity of the positive principal eigenvalue is proved and a related maximum principle is given