Une théorie du quiproquo pour la gestion stratégique des risques

Cet article a pour objectif de présenter l'intérêt d'une théorie du quiproquo pour l'analyse, la compréhension et le pilotage des situations de conduite à risques. Dans cette optique, nous proposerons une nouvelle analyse d'une catastrophe bien connue : il s'agit de l'accident le plus grave de l'histoire de l'aviation civile qui a eu lieu le 27 mars 1977 sur le tarmac de l'aéroport de Tenerife. Les communications radio constituent pour l'aviation civile un outil précieux pour la coordination et la coopération entre les différents groupes d'acteurs. En cela, elles présentent un intérêt stratégique pour la gestion des risques. Pourtant dans certains cas de conduite en conditions dégradées (brouillard, stress, présent à Tenerife lors de l'accident), cet outil ne permet pas d'assurer la cohérence entre les représentations de la situation formulées par les acteurs en présence et le monde réel. La lecture de l'accident de Tenerife avec une théorie du quiproquo permet de mettre en lumière un aspect oublié dans les stratégies de gestion des risques qui est la capacité des outils à construire un monde commun en adéquation avec le réel. Pour caractériser ce manque, nous avons posé l'hypothèse que, si un quiproquo est à l'origine de l'accident, alors la phase préaccidentelle devrait en receler des traces. Dès lors, nous avons effectué une représentation synthétique des dialogues qui ont eu lieu entre les équipages et la tour de contrôle, ainsi qu'à l'intérieur de chacun des groupes pour tenter d'établir l'existence ou non, de conditions favorables à l'apparition du phénomène de quiproquo. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à trois séries de conditions favorables à l'apparition du quiproquo : la saillance de la polysémie de l'objet du dialogue, la quantité et la qualité des échanges dialogiques. Cette représentation des dialogues de la phase préaccidentelle fait apparaître l'existence de telles conditions dans l'accident de Tenerife.Le concept de quiproquo apporte finalement à l'analyse des risques une remise en cause inattendue des systèmes de règles et des stratégies de gestion des risques. Il permet, enfin, une fois qualifiée la situation de quiproquo, de rendre actionnable la construction du sens de la situation, par l'ensemble des acteurs et de ce fait, de pouvoir piloter un processus de conception collective du sens.Stratégie face aux risques, situations de conduite, construction du sens, quiproquo

Doubles sommes de Sylvester et sous-résultants

International audienceNous définissons les doubles sommes de Sylvester et les sous-résultants et donnons quelques unes de leurs propriétés. Le résultat principal de l'article est de préciser les relations entre ces deux notions

StakeS-holder Management and Crisis Resilience A case study in a public transportation company

International audienceStakeholder perspectives on crisis management provide a useful descriptive framework for analyzing crises and making crisis narratives. However, their "actionability" for crisis management, i.e. possibility to use stakeholder management models into operational crisis management processes, remains an under-investigated question. The purpose of this article is to discuss the operational value of stakeholder frameworks for crisis management. Drawing on a qualitative case study of a successful crisis management process in a public transportation company, we investigate the activities set up by the crisis cell to manage internal and external stakeholders during the crisis. In our case, successful stakeholder management relied on: 1) good diagnosis capabilities for the design of an appropriate corporate positioning; 2) an ability to manage coherently a set of emerging and heterogeneous issues involving stakeSholders ; 3) the capacity to set up a tightly coupled form of organization, involving both crisis cell members and various "anchorage points", i.e. specific actors involved in the project before the crisis, who were already in contact with key stakeholders as part of their day-to-day activities. We then discuss the practical and theoretical implications of this analysis and the potential value stakeholder perspectives for crisis management

PROSOPOGRAPHIE DES MUSICIENS DES SAINTES-CHAPELLES DE PARIS (1248-ca1640) ET DE BOURGES (1405-ca1640)

This work’s cornerstone is a biographic dictionary: thirteen hundred resumes of musicians attached to both Paris’ and Bourges’ Saintes-Chapelles, from their foundation (1248 for the former, and 1405 for the latter) to the middle of the XVIIth century. This is the first prosopographic study, related to a population of musicians. Paris and Bourges’ Saintes-Chapelles, the second one founded upon the Parisian model, are institutions, dedicated to the cult of the relics gathered by Louis IX and his followers, and dedicated to music. Those institutions of modest size (about forty persons) nevertheless hosted a lot of musicians (about thirty). This research is done through four principal angles: the staff’s status, their service dates, their personal musical skills and the relationships between Saintes-Chapelles and private princely chapels. Concerning the last two points, thirty composers have served in the Sainte-Chapelle of Bourges and forty-four in Paris, respectively 5% and 7% of the total amount of singers hosted by them at one time or another. Furthermore from the singers point of view, 12% of the singers of the Sainte-Chapelle of Bourges and 23% of the singers of Paris are documented in a princely chapel, mainly the Royal Chapel. From the point of view of princes and sovereigns, the formers have recruited a lot from the Saintes-Chapelles for their own chapels. Some chapel accounts may mention large proportions of singers, more than 30%, documented in the Saintes-Chapelles of Bourges and Paris, at different times. We have thus proved the skills of the musicians of both Saintes-Chapelles, mainly the Sainte-Chapelle of Paris.Cette thèse est la première étude prosopographique, portant sur une population de musiciens. Elle s’appuie sur un dictionnaire biographique de près de mille trois cents notices de musiciens ayant servi dans les Saintes-Chapelles de Paris et Bourges, depuis leur fondation, 1248 pour Paris et 1405 pour Bourges, jusqu’au milieu du XVIIe siècle. Les Saintes-Chapelles de Paris et de Bourges, la seconde fondée sur le modèle de la première, sont des institutions dédiées au culte des reliques rassemblées par Louis IX et ses successeurs et dédiées à la musique. De taille modeste, elles sont formées chacune environ de quarante personnes et trente musiciens. Les biographies sont exploitées selon le statut des personnels, leurs dates d’exercice, leurs compétences musicales et leurs relations avec les chapelles princières. Concernant les deux derniers points, trente compositeurs ont servi à la Sainte-Chapelle de Bourges et quarante-quatre à Paris, soit respectivement 5% et 7% de l’ensemble des chantres de chaque institution. En outre, vu des chantres candidats au recrutement en Saintes-Chapelles, 12% des chantres de la Sainte-Chapelle de Bourges et 23% des chantres de la Sainte-Chapelle de Paris sont documentés en chapelles princières, majoritairement à la Chapelle Royale. Vu des princes et souverains, ces derniers ont souvent puisé abondamment dans les Saintes-Chapelles, pour garnir leur propre chapelle. En effet, certains états de chapelles princières montrent à différentes époques, des proportions de plus de 30% de chantres documentés en Saintes-Chapelles. On prouve ainsi l’excellence des musiciens des deux Saintes-Chapelles et particulièrement de la Sainte-Chapelle de Paris

Virtual worlds as adjustable environments for immersion in business meetings

Managing modern organizations requires innovative measures to facilitate interaction. In this paper, we focus on interaction mechanisms, such as business meetings. We attempt to highlight the possible contributions of virtual worlds in terms of such organizational mechanisms. This original work presents a review of the literature about business meetings and their structural properties. It also presents the specific properties of virtual worlds that serve as a mechanism for facilitating the interaction of multiple participants. Our research demonstrates that immersion is a property common to both meetings and virtual worlds. This immersion is expressed in a wide range of forms that are described in this paper

Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer:chemotherapy

<b>Background:</b> Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are frequently described as part of a group of oral cancers or head and neck cancer. Treatment of oral cavity cancer is generally surgery followed by radiotherapy, whereas oropharyngeal cancers, which are more likely to be advanced at the time of diagnosis, are managed with radiotherapy or chemoradiation. Surgery for oral cancers can be disfiguring and both surgery and radiotherapy have significant functional side effects, notably impaired ability to eat, drink and talk. The development of new chemotherapy agents, new combinations of agents and changes in the relative timing of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy treatments may potentially bring about increases in both survival and quality of life for this group of patients.<p></p> <b>Objectives:</b> To determine whether chemotherapy, in addition to radiotherapy and/or surgery for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer results in improved survival, disease free survival, progression free survival, locoregional control and reduced recurrence of disease. To determine which regimen and time of administration (induction, concomitant or adjuvant) is associated with better outcomes.<p></p> <b>Search strategy:</b> Electronic searches of the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED were undertaken on 28th July 2010. Reference lists of recent reviews and included studies were also searched to identify further trials.<p></p> <b>Selection criteria:</b> Randomised controlled trials where more than 50% of participants had primary tumours in the oral cavity or oropharynx, and which compared the addition of chemotherapy to other treatments such as radiotherapy and/or surgery, or compared two or more chemotherapy regimens or modes of administration, were included.<p></p> <b>Data collection and analysis:</b> Trials which met the inclusion criteria were assessed for risk of bias using six domains: sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, completeness of outcome data, selective reporting and other possible sources of bias. Data were extracted using a specially designed form and entered into the characteristics of included studies table and the analysis sections of the review. The proportion of participants in each trial with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are recorded in Additional Table 1.<p></p> <b>Main results:</b> There was no statistically significant improvement in overall survival associated with induction chemotherapy compared to locoregional treatment alone in 25 trials (hazard ratio (HR) of mortality 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 1.00). Post-surgery adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved overall survival compared to surgery +/- radiotherapy alone in 10 trials (HR of mortality 0.88, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.99), and there was an additional benefit of adjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy compared to radiotherapy in 4 of these trials (HR of mortality 0.84, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.98). Concomitant chemoradiotherapy resulted in improved survival compared to radiotherapy alone in patients whose tumours were considered unresectable in 25 trials (HR of mortality 0.79, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.84). However, the additional toxicity attributable to chemotherapy in the combined regimens remains unquantified.<p></p> <b>Authors' conclusions:</b> Chemotherapy, in addition to radiotherapy and surgery, is associated with improved overall survival in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Induction chemotherapy is associated with a 9% increase in survival and adjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy is associated with a 16% increase in overall survival following surgery. In patients with unresectable tumours, concomitant chemoradiotherapy showed a 22% benefit in overall survival compared with radiotherapy alone.<p></p&gt

10 Years of C-K Theory: A Survey on the Academic and Industrial Impacts of a Design Theory.

The goal of our research1 was to understand what is expected today from a design theory and what types of impact such type of scientific proposition may reach. To answer these questions with a grounded approach we chosed to study the developement of C-K theory as phenomenon per se that can inform our research work. C-K theory is clearly recognized as a design theory and it is a good representative of the level of generality and abstraction of contemporary design theory. Indeed, the validity of the theory as such has already been documented (e.g. Hatchuel & Weil 2002, 2003, 2008, 2009; Kazakçi 2009; Reich et al 2010; Le Masson et al 2010; Ullah et al 2012). Instead the current work sets out to understand the dissemination and the impact of the theory in both academic and industrial fields. The data collection overlooks the literature on C-K theory in English and in French, and includes interviews and feedbacks of students and industrial partners who applied C-K methodologies and tools. This research confirms the rapid diffusion and multiples impact of C-K theory. Beyond, such study signals that there are important expectations and potential impacts of a Design Theory within the field of knowledge at large. However there are strong conditions to meet these expectations: generality, generativity, and relatedness to contemporary sciences. A similar research could be done on Nam Suh's axiomatic approach to further test these conditions. It is impossible to say what will be the next generations of Design theory but it is sure that they should progress on these directions

Risk factors for oral mucositis in paediatric oncology patients receiving alkylant chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: We describe the risk indicators for oral mucositis (OM) in paediatric oncology patients hospitalised in the Institut Gustave Roussy (Villejuif-Paris) and treated with alkylant chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells. METHODS: The sample was selected using PIGAS software. Three groups of subjects received different chemotherapy regimens: A. Melphalan, B. Busulfan and C. other alkylant protocols. The degree of mucositis was recorded by CTC version 2.0 (Common Toxicity Criteria). Descriptive statistics were performed. The association between mucositis and risk indicator variables was tested using a χ(2 )test. The association between case status and covariates was tested using unconditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 337 children enrolled, 241 showed mucositis (group 1) and 96 did not show mucositis (group 2) during alkylant chemotherapy. There was a higher prevalence of male patients in both groups. The three different chemotherapy regimen groups are correlated with the appearance of oral mucositis (χ(2 )= 22.42, p < 0.01). Weight loss was higher in group 1 (χ(2 )= 6.31, p = 0.01). The duration of aplasia was lower in the Busulfan protocol (7.5 days) than in the Melphalan group (9.3 days) or the other regimens (8.6 days). The use of Bufulfan(® )was directly associated with case status (presence of oral mucositis): odds ratio [OR] = 2.1 and confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.3–3.0. Also, occurrences of germinal tumours and secondary bacterial infections were directly linked with case status: [OR] = 1.4 and 1.8, confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.2 – 1.7 and 1.1 – 2.5, respectively. CONCLUSION: The presence of OM was associated with the three different chemotherapy regimens considered; in particularly patients treated with Busulfan had the highest prevalence

Experiencia docente: MATh.en.JEANS

At MATH.en.JEANS, a group of high school volunteer students, ages 11-18 and regardless of their level in mathematics, work for a year in a topic selected by a researcher, under the supervision of a teacher. The results of the research are presented at a national conference in the form of posters and talks. Written articles (produced after the conference) are published the following year. Students become researchers in mathematics with the help of professional mathematicians. Through this experience they learn collaborative work and discover that mathematics is a living science.En MATH.en.JEANS, un grupo de estudiantes voluntarios de enseñanza secundaria, con eda- des comprendidas entre 11 y 18 años e indepedientemente de su nivel en matemáticas, trabajan durante un año en un tema seleccionado por un investigador, bajo la supervisión de un profesor. Los resultados de la investigación se pre- sentan en una conferencia nacional en forma de pósteres y charlas. Los artículos escritos (elaborados después de la conferencia) son publicados al año siguiente. Los estudiantes llegan a ser investigadores en matemáticas con la ayuda de matemáticos profesionales. A través de esta experiencia aprenden trabajo colaborativo y descubren que las matemáticas son una ciencia viva