Estudio y análisis para un diseño de mezcla asfáltica natural (MAN) procedente de la mina San Pedro municipio Armero – Tolima con agregados de la región del Alto Magdalena, para la rehabilitación de la infraestructura vial

Determinar la viabilidad de una mezcla asfáltica natural utilizando agregados de la región del Alto Magdalena o cerca a dicha región, con el ánimo de ofrecer una alternativa económica y ambientalmente sostenible para la rehabilitación de la infraestructura vial del municipio de GirardotEl presente trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo con el fin de evaluar, comparar y promover un asfalto económico y ambientalmente sostenible para la rehabilitación de la infraestructura vial, mediante el uso de la Mezcla Asfáltica Natural (MAN). Esto se realizó evaluando las características físico-mecánicas de una muestra del asfalto natural procedente de la mina San Pedro, ubicada en el municipio de Armero Guayabal, departamento del Tolima. Este material se pretendía someter a diferentes pruebas para apreciar si cumple con las especificaciones mínimas que exige el Instituto Nacional de Vías INVIAS para que este material sea óptimo en la implementación como opción para la capa de rodadura. En el transcurso del desarrollo de este trabajo se decidió que se iba a promover como una alternativa para la pavimentación de vías de tercer orden o las vías que tuvieran bajo nivel de transito ya que son las más olvidadas por los entes gubernamentales y son de gran importancia en el desarrollo económico del país, además que es el único tipo de vía en la que se tiene permitido el uso de este material. Teniendo esto claro, se realizó un cuadro en el cual se pudiera comparar los datos de los diferentes laboratorios frente a los valores que exige el INVIAS para la implementación del material, concluyendo así que en varios aspectos el material no cumple las especificaciones técnicas por lo que se decide asumir algunas fórmulas de trabajo que cumplan con dichos requisitos. En el planteamiento del trabajo se tenía considerado realizar los laboratorios pertinentes para obtener una caracterización del material y la elaboración de briquetas con diferentes dosificaciones implementando agregados de la región del Alto Magdalena y si era necesario emulsiones asfálticas para encontrar o acercarnos a una fórmula de trabajo de Mezcla de Asfalto Natural MAN que cumpla con cada uno de los requisitos exigidos por el Instituto Nacional de Vías. Teniendo en cuenta que el mundo está pasando por una pandemia y en Colombia se ha visto afectado varios sectores por el COVID - 19 no se pudo llevar a cabo el proceso completo, por lo tanto se asumieron los datos de los ensayos faltantes para que en un futuro las personas interesadas en continuar con investigaciones del tema puedan evaluar lo planteado y determinar si es viable y cumple con las exigencias del INVIAS o por el contrario, es necesario seguir con investigaciones y en pruebas de ensayo y error para obtener una dosificación que cumpla con cada una de las especificaciones existentes.This research work was carried out in order to evaluate, compare and promote an economically and environmentally sustainable asphalt for the rehabilitation of road infrastructure, through the use of the Natural Asphalt Mix (MAN). This was done by evaluating the physical-mechanical characteristics of a sample of natural asphalt from the San Pedro mine, located in the municipality of Armero Guayabal, department of Tolima. This material was intended to undergo different tests to see if it meets the minimum specifications required by the INVIAS National Roads Institute so that this material is optimal for implementation as an option for the tread layer. In the course of the development of this work, it was decided that it would be promoted as an alternative for the paving of third-order roads or roads that had a low level of traffic since they are the most neglected by government entities and are of great importance. in the economic development of the country, other than that it is the only type of road in which the use of this material is allowed. Bearing this in mind, a table was drawn up in which the data from the different laboratories could be compared against the values required by INVIAS for the implementation of the material, thus concluding that in various aspects the material does not meet the technical specifications, so it is decided to assume some work formulas that meet these requirements. In the approach of the work, it was considered to carry out the relevant laboratories to obtain a characterization of the material and the preparation of briquettes with different dosages, implementing aggregates from the Alto Magdalena region and, if necessary, asphalt emulsions to find or approach a working formula of MAN Natural Asphalt Mix that meets each of the requirements demanded by the National Road Institute. Taking into account that the world is going through a pandemic and in Colombia several sectors have been affected by COVID-19, the complete process could not be carried out, therefore the data from the missing trials were assumed so that in a In the future, those interested in continuing with investigations on the subject can evaluate what has been raised and determine if it is viable and complies with the requirements of INVIAS or, conversely, it is necessary to continue with investigations and trial and error tests to obtain a dosage that complies with each of the existing specifications

Estudio y análisis para un diseño de mezcla asfáltica natural (MAN) procedente de la mina San Pedro municipio Armero – Tolima con agregados de la región del Alto Magdalena, para la rehabilitación de la infraestructura vial

Determinar la viabilidad de una mezcla asfáltica natural utilizando agregados de la región del Alto Magdalena o cerca a dicha región, con el ánimo de ofrecer una alternativa económica y ambientalmente sostenible para la rehabilitación de la infraestructura vial del municipio de GirardotEl presente trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo con el fin de evaluar, comparar y promover un asfalto económico y ambientalmente sostenible para la rehabilitación de la infraestructura vial, mediante el uso de la Mezcla Asfáltica Natural (MAN). Esto se realizó evaluando las características físico-mecánicas de una muestra del asfalto natural procedente de la mina San Pedro, ubicada en el municipio de Armero Guayabal, departamento del Tolima. Este material se pretendía someter a diferentes pruebas para apreciar si cumple con las especificaciones mínimas que exige el Instituto Nacional de Vías INVIAS para que este material sea óptimo en la implementación como opción para la capa de rodadura. En el transcurso del desarrollo de este trabajo se decidió que se iba a promover como una alternativa para la pavimentación de vías de tercer orden o las vías que tuvieran bajo nivel de transito ya que son las más olvidadas por los entes gubernamentales y son de gran importancia en el desarrollo económico del país, además que es el único tipo de vía en la que se tiene permitido el uso de este material. Teniendo esto claro, se realizó un cuadro en el cual se pudiera comparar los datos de los diferentes laboratorios frente a los valores que exige el INVIAS para la implementación del material, concluyendo así que en varios aspectos el material no cumple las especificaciones técnicas por lo que se decide asumir algunas fórmulas de trabajo que cumplan con dichos requisitos. En el planteamiento del trabajo se tenía considerado realizar los laboratorios pertinentes para obtener una caracterización del material y la elaboración de briquetas con diferentes dosificaciones implementando agregados de la región del Alto Magdalena y si era necesario emulsiones asfálticas para encontrar o acercarnos a una fórmula de trabajo de Mezcla de Asfalto Natural MAN que cumpla con cada uno de los requisitos exigidos por el Instituto Nacional de Vías. Teniendo en cuenta que el mundo está pasando por una pandemia y en Colombia se ha visto afectado varios sectores por el COVID - 19 no se pudo llevar a cabo el proceso completo, por lo tanto se asumieron los datos de los ensayos faltantes para que en un futuro las personas interesadas en continuar con investigaciones del tema puedan evaluar lo planteado y determinar si es viable y cumple con las exigencias del INVIAS o por el contrario, es necesario seguir con investigaciones y en pruebas de ensayo y error para obtener una dosificación que cumpla con cada una de las especificaciones existentes.This research work was carried out in order to evaluate, compare and promote an economically and environmentally sustainable asphalt for the rehabilitation of road infrastructure, through the use of the Natural Asphalt Mix (MAN). This was done by evaluating the physical-mechanical characteristics of a sample of natural asphalt from the San Pedro mine, located in the municipality of Armero Guayabal, department of Tolima. This material was intended to undergo different tests to see if it meets the minimum specifications required by the INVIAS National Roads Institute so that this material is optimal for implementation as an option for the tread layer. In the course of the development of this work, it was decided that it would be promoted as an alternative for the paving of third-order roads or roads that had a low level of traffic since they are the most neglected by government entities and are of great importance. in the economic development of the country, other than that it is the only type of road in which the use of this material is allowed. Bearing this in mind, a table was drawn up in which the data from the different laboratories could be compared against the values required by INVIAS for the implementation of the material, thus concluding that in various aspects the material does not meet the technical specifications, so it is decided to assume some work formulas that meet these requirements. In the approach of the work, it was considered to carry out the relevant laboratories to obtain a characterization of the material and the preparation of briquettes with different dosages, implementing aggregates from the Alto Magdalena region and, if necessary, asphalt emulsions to find or approach a working formula of MAN Natural Asphalt Mix that meets each of the requirements demanded by the National Road Institute. Taking into account that the world is going through a pandemic and in Colombia several sectors have been affected by COVID-19, the complete process could not be carried out, therefore the data from the missing trials were assumed so that in a In the future, those interested in continuing with investigations on the subject can evaluate what has been raised and determine if it is viable and complies with the requirements of INVIAS or, conversely, it is necessary to continue with investigations and trial and error tests to obtain a dosage that complies with each of the existing specifications

Search for Physics beyond the Standard Model in Events with Overlapping Photons and Jets

Results are reported from a search for new particles that decay into a photon and two gluons, in events with jets. Novel jet substructure techniques are developed that allow photons to be identified in an environment densely populated with hadrons. The analyzed proton-proton collision data were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in 2016 at root s = 13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The spectra of total transverse hadronic energy of candidate events are examined for deviations from the standard model predictions. No statistically significant excess is observed over the expected background. The first cross section limits on new physics processes resulting in such events are set. The results are interpreted as upper limits on the rate of gluino pair production, utilizing a simplified stealth supersymmetry model. The excluded gluino masses extend up to 1.7 TeV, for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV and exceed previous mass constraints set by analyses targeting events with isolated photons.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Measurement of b jet shapes in proton-proton collisions at root s=5.02 TeV

We present the first study of charged-hadron production associated with jets originating from b quarks in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The data sample used in this study was collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb(-1). To characterize the jet substructure, the differential jet shapes, defined as the normalized transverse momentum distribution of charged hadrons as a function of angular distance from the jet axis, are measured for b jets. In addition to the jet shapes, the per-jet yields of charged particles associated with b jets are also quantified, again as a function of the angular distance with respect to the jet axis. Extracted jet shape and particle yield distributions for b jets are compared with results for inclusive jets, as well as with the predictions from the pythia and herwig++ event generators.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the t(t)over-barb(b)over-bar production cross section in the all-jet final state in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

A measurement of the production cross section of top quark pairs in association with two b jets (t (t) over barb (b) over bar) is presented using data collected in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV by the CMS detector at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The cross section is measured in the all-jet decay channel of the top quark pair by selecting events containing at least eight jets, of which at least two are identified as originating from the hadronization of b quarks. A combination of multivariate analysis techniques is used to reduce the large background from multijet events not containing a top quark pair, and to help discriminate between jets originating from top quark decays and other additional jets. The cross section is determined for the total phase space to be 5.5 +/- 0.3 (stat)(-1.3)(+)(1.6) (syst)pb and also measured for two fiducial t (t) over barb (b) over bar, definitions. The measured cross sections are found to be larger than theoretical predictions by a factor of 1.5-2.4, corresponding to 1-2 standard deviations. (C) 2020 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of Y(1S) and Y(2S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The second-order Fourier coefficients (v(2)) characterizing the azimuthal distributions of Y(1S) and Y(2S) mesons produced in PbPb collisions at root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV are studied. The Y mesons are reconstructed in their dimuon decay channel, as measured by the CMS detector. The collected data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 nb(-1). The scalar product method is used to extract the v2 coefficients of the azimuthal distributions. Results are reported for the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar < 2.4, in the transverse momentum interval 0 < pT < 50 GeV/c, and in three centrality ranges of 10-30%, 30-50% and 50-90%. In contrast to the J/psi mesons, the measured v(2) values for the Y mesons are found to be consistent with zero. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Calibration of the CMS hadron calorimeters using proton-proton collision data at root s=13 TeV

Methods are presented for calibrating the hadron calorimeter system of theCMSetector at the LHC. The hadron calorimeters of the CMS experiment are sampling calorimeters of brass and scintillator, and are in the form of one central detector and two endcaps. These calorimeters cover pseudorapidities vertical bar eta vertical bar ee data. The energy scale of the outer calorimeters has been determined with test beam data and is confirmed through data with high transverse momentum jets. In this paper, we present the details of the calibration methods and accuracy.Peer reviewe

MUSiC : a model-unspecific search for new physics in proton-proton collisions at root s=13TeV

Results of the Model Unspecific Search in CMS (MUSiC), using proton-proton collision data recorded at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), are presented. The MUSiC analysis searches for anomalies that could be signatures of physics beyond the standard model. The analysis is based on the comparison of observed data with the standard model prediction, as determined from simulation, in several hundred final states and multiple kinematic distributions. Events containing at least one electron or muon are classified based on their final state topology, and an automated search algorithm surveys the observed data for deviations from the prediction. The sensitivity of the search is validated using multiple methods. No significant deviations from the predictions have been observed. For a wide range of final state topologies, agreement is found between the data and the standard model simulation. This analysis complements dedicated search analyses by significantly expanding the range of final states covered using a model independent approach with the largest data set to date to probe phase space regions beyond the reach of previous general searches.Peer reviewe

Measurement of prompt open-charm production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The production cross sections for prompt open-charm mesons in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV are reported. The measurement is performed using a data sample collected by the CMS experiment corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 29 nb(-1). The differential production cross sections of the D*(+/-), D-+/-, and D-0 ((D) over bar (0)) mesons are presented in ranges of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity 4 < p(T) < 100 GeV and vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.1, respectively. The results are compared to several theoretical calculations and to previous measurements.Peer reviewe