124 research outputs found
Europska potvrda o nasljeđivanju. Na prijedlog Komisije od 14. listopada 2009.
Die Kommission der Europäischen Union veröffentlichte am 14. Oktober 2009 den Vorschlag für eine Verordnung, die das internationale Erbrecht und das Verfahren in Erbschaftssachen vereinheitlicht sowie die Einführung eines in allen Mitgliedstaaten verbindlichen Erbscheins vorsieht. In unserem Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, wer ein Europäisches Nachlasszeugnis erhält (II), wie es beschaffen ist (III), wer es ausstellt, berichtigt, aussetzt oder einzieht (IV), was das zuständige Organ zu prüfen hat (V) und welche Rolle es im Rechtsleben spielt (VI). Hingewiesen wird auch auf Lücken und zu behebende Mängel.a) Dana 14. listopada 2009. godine je Komisija Europske unije izradila prijedlog Uredbe koja bi unificirala nasljedno pravo i postupak u stvarima nasljeđivanja te bi predvidjela uvođenje obvezujuće potvrde o nasljeđivanju u sve države članice.
b) Zahtjev mogu podnijeti nasljednici, legati, izvršitelji oporuke i strani upravitelji, ne i vjerovnici koji žele ovrhu nad nasljedstvom.
c) Sadržaj i oblik potvrde određeni su detaljno u članku 41. st. 2. Prijedloga. Upućivanje bi trebalo prijevod učiniti nepotrebnim.
d) Za nadležnost i mjerodavno pravo vrijedi isto. Država članica u kojoj je ostavitelj uobičajeno boravio kada je umro, nadležna je za sva pitanja nasljednog prava, ona izdaje potvrdu o nasljeđivanju te se njeno pravo primjenjuje. Ostavitelj može izabrati i svoje domovinsko pravo.
e) Što se smatra uobičajenim boravištem, nije definirano. Sudskom praksom Suda EU ne postiže se pravna sigurnost jer Sud prepušta sudovima država članica određivanje pojma za svaki konkretan slučaj uzimajući u obzir sve okolnosti.
f) Ako ostavitelj nije živio u Europskoj uniji, ali ostavina leži u jednoj od država članica, prema nesretnom djelovanju rezidualne nadležnosti bit će ta država članica nadležna. Komplicirana ljestvičasta konstrukcija čl. 6. Prijedloga bi trebala ukinuti izreku tot hereditates quot res te garantirati jedinstvo ostavine.
g) Pri razmatranju zahtjeva za izdavanje Europske potvrde o nasljeđivanju može doći do prethodnih pitanja i problema kvalifikacije. Kod prvog će u interesu ubrzanja doći do nezavisnog vezanja, a kod drugog će biti izraženi strani pravni pojmovi koji se pojavljuju u nasljednom statutu te treba izbjegavati harmonizaciju s pravnim pojmovima države članice koja izdaje potvrdu
Obscuration in extremely luminous quasars
The spectral energy distributions and infrared (IR) spectra of a sample of
obscured AGNs selected in the mid-IR are modeled with recent clumpy torus
models to investigate the nature of the sources, the properties of the
obscuring matter, and dependencies on luminosity. The sample contains 21
obscured AGNs at z=1.3-3 discovered in the largest Spitzer surveys (SWIRE,
NDWFS, & FLS) by means of their extremely red IR to optical colors. All sources
show the 9.7micron silicate feature in absorption and have extreme mid-IR
luminosities (L(6micron)~10^46 erg/s). The IR SEDs and spectra of 12 sources
are well reproduced with a simple torus model, while the remaining 9 sources
require foreground extinction from a cold dust component to reproduce both the
depth of the silicate feature and the near-IR emission from hot dust. The
best-fit torus models show a broad range of inclinations, with no preference
for the edge-on torus expected in obscured AGNs. Based on the unobscured QSO
mid-IR luminosity function, and on a color-selected sample of obscured and
unobscured IR sources, we estimate the surface densities of obscured and
unobscured QSOs at L(6micron)>10^12 Lsun, and z=1.3-3.0 to be about 17-22
deg^-2, and 11.7 deg^-2, respectively. Overall we find that ~35-41% of luminous
QSOs are unobscured, 37-40% are obscured by the torus, and 23-25% are obscured
by a cold absorber detached from the torus. These fractions constrain the torus
half opening angle to be ~67 deg. This value is significantly larger than found
for FIR selected samples of AGN at lower luminosity (~46 deg), supporting the
receding torus scenario. A far-IR component is observed in 8 objects. The
estimated far-IR luminosities associated with this component all exceed
3.3x10^12 Lsun, implying SFRs of 600-3000 Msun/yr. (Abridged)Comment: ApJ accepte
Smooth and Clumpy Dust Distribution in AGN: a Direct Comparison of two Commonly Explored Infrared Emission Models
The geometry of the dust distribution within the inner regions of Active
Galactic Nuclei (AGN) is still a debated issue and relates directly with the
AGN unified scheme. Traditionally, models discussed in the literature assume
one of two distinct dust distributions in what is believed to be a toroidal
region around the Supermassive Black Holes: a continuous distribution,
customarily referred to as smooth, and a concentration of dust in clumps or
clouds, referred to as clumpy.
In this paper we perform a thorough comparison between two of the most
popular models in the literature, namely the smooth models by Fritz. et al.
2006 and the clumpy models by Nenkova et al. 2008a, in their common parameters
space. Particular attention is paid to the silicate features at ~9.7 and ~18
micron, the width of the infrared bump, the near-infrared index and the
luminosity at 12.3 micron, all previously reported as possible diagnostic tools
to distinguish between the two dust distributions. We find that, due to the
different dust chemical compositions used in the two models, the behaviour of
the silicate features at 9.7 and 18 micron is quite distinct between the two
models. The width of the infrared bump and the peak of the infrared emission
can take comparable values, their distributions do, however, vary. The
near-infrared index is also quite different, due partly to the primary sources
adopted by the two models. Models with matched parameters do not produce
similar SEDs and virtually no random parameter combinations can result in
seemingly identical SEDs.Comment: 9 Pages, 6 Figures, 1 Table. Accepted for publication in MNRA
High resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy of ultraluminous infrared galaxies
(Abridged) We present R~600, 10-37um spectra of 53 ULIRGs at z<0.32, taken
using the IRS on board Spitzer. All of the spectra show fine structure emission
lines of Ne, O, S, Si and Ar, as well as molecular Hydrogen lines. Some ULIRGs
also show emission lines of Cl, Fe, P, and atomic Hydrogen, and/or absorption
features from C_2H_2, HCN, and OH. We employ diagnostics based on the
fine-structure lines, as well as the EWs and luminosities of PAH features and
the strength of the 9.7um silicate absorption feature (S_sil), to explore the
power source behind the infrared emission in ULIRGs. We show that the IR
emission from the majority of ULIRGs is powered mostly by star formation, with
only ~20% of ULIRGs hosting an AGN with a comparable or greater IR luminosity
than the starburst. The detection of the 14.32um [NeV] line in just under half
the sample however implies that an AGN contributes significantly to the mid-IR
flux in ~42% of ULIRGs. The emission line ratios, luminosities and PAH EWs are
consistent with the starbursts and AGN in ULIRGs being more extincted, and for
the starbursts more compact, versions of those in lower luminosity systems. The
excitations and electron densities in the NLRs of ULIRGs appear comparable to
those of lower luminosity starbursts, though there is evidence that the NLR gas
in ULIRGs is more dense. We show that the combined luminosity of the 12.81um
[NeII] and 15.56um [NeIII] lines correlates with both IR luminosity and the
luminosity of the 6.2 micron and 11.2 micron PAH features in ULIRGs, and use
this to derive a calibration between PAH luminosity and star formation rate.
Finally, we show that ULIRGs with 0.8 < S_sil < 2.4 are likely to be powered
mainly by star formation, but that ULIRGs with S_sil < 0.8, and possibly those
with S_sil > 2.4, contain an IR-luminous AGN.Comment: 62 pages in preprint format, 4 tables, 23 figures. ApJ accepte
The Toroidal Obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei
Observations give strong support for the unification scheme of active
galactic nuclei. The scheme is premised on toroidal obscuration of the central
engine by dusty clouds that are individually very optically thick. These
lectures summarize the torus properties, describe the handling and implications
of its clumpy nature and present speculations about its dynamic origin.Comment: To appear in proceedings of "Active Galactic Nuclei at the highest
angular resolution: theory and observations", 2007 summer school, Torun,
Polan
An atlas of mid-infrared spectra of star-forming and active galaxies
We present a panoramic atlas of Spitzer/IRS spectra of extragalactic sources
collected from the recent literature, with value added measurements of their
spectral features obtained in a homogeneous and concise manner. The atlas
covers the full spectrum of the extragalactic universe and includes star
forming galaxies, obscured and unobscured active galaxies, luminous and
ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, and hybrid objects. Measured features such as
the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the strength of the silicates in emission
or absorption around 9.7 micron, rest-frame monochromatic luminosities or
colours, combined with measurements derived from spectral decomposition, are
used to establish diagnostics that allow for classification of sources, based
on their infrared properties alone. Average templates of the various classes
are also derived. The full atlas with the value added measurements and
ancillary archival data are publicly available at
http://www.denebola.org/atlas, with full references to the original data.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS.
For associated source catalogs and spectra, see http://www.denebola.org/atla
Mid-infrared spectroscopy of infrared-luminous galaxies at z~0.5-3
We present results on low-resolution mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of 70
infrared-luminous galaxies obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS)
onboard Spitzer. We selected sources from the European Large Area Infrared
Survey (ELAIS) with S15 > 0.8 mJy and photometric or spectroscopic z > 1. About
half of the sample are QSOs in the optical, while the remaining sources are
galaxies, comprising both obscured AGN and starbursts. We classify the spectra
using well-known infrared diagnostics, as well as a new one that we propose,
into three types of source: those dominated by an unobscured AGN (QSOs),
obscured AGN, and starburst-dominated sources. Starbursts concentrate at z ~
0.6-1.0 favored by the shift of the 7.7-micron PAH band into the selection 15
micron band, while AGN spread over the 0.5 < z < 3.1 range. Star formation
rates (SFR) are estimated for individual sources from the luminosity of the PAH
features. An estimate of the average PAH luminosity in QSOs and obscured AGN is
obtained from the composite spectrum of all sources with reliable redshifts.
The estimated mean SFR in the QSOs is 50-100 Mo yr^-1, but the implied FIR
luminosity is 3-10 times lower than that obtained from stacking analysis of the
FIR photometry, suggesting destruction of the PAH carriers by energetic photons
from the AGN. The SFR estimated in obscured AGN is 2-3 times higher than in
QSOs of similar MIR luminosity. This discrepancy might not be due to luminosity
effects or selection bias alone, but could instead indicate a connection
between obscuration and star formation. However, the observed correlation
between silicate absorption and the slope of the near- to mid-infrared spectrum
is compatible with the obscuration of the AGN emission in these sources being
produced in a dust torus.Comment: 32 pages, 24 figures, 15 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA
Distinct Pigmentary and Melanocortin 1 Receptor–Dependent Components of Cutaneous Defense against Ultraviolet Radiation
Genetic variation at the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is an important risk factor for developing ultraviolet (UV) radiation–induced skin cancer, the most common form of cancer in humans. The underlying mechanisms by which the MC1R defends against UV-induced skin cancer are not known. We used neonatal mouse skin (which, like human skin, contains a mixture of melanocytes and keratinocytes) to study how pigment cells and Mc1r genotype affect the genome-level response to UV radiation. Animals without viable melanocytes (Kit(W-v)/Kit(W-v)) or animals lacking a functional Mc1r (Mc1r(e)/Mc1r(e)) were exposed to sunburn-level doses of UVB radiation, and the patterns of large-scale gene expression in the basal epidermis were compared to each other and to nonmutant animals. Our analysis revealed discrete Kit- and Mc1r-dependent UVB transcriptional responses in the basal epidermis. The Kit-dependent UVB response was characterized largely by an enrichment of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress genes, highlighting a distinctive role for pigmented melanocytes in mediating antioxidant defenses against genotoxic stresses within the basal epidermal environment. By contrast, the Mc1r-dependent UVB response contained an abundance of genes associated with regulating the cell cycle and oncogenesis. To test the clinical relevance of these observations, we analyzed publicly available data sets for primary melanoma and melanoma metastases and found that the set of genes specific for the Mc1r-dependent UVB response was able to differentiate between different clinical subtypes. Our analysis also revealed that the classes of genes induced by UVB differ from those repressed by UVB with regard to their biological functions, their overall number, and their size. The findings described here offer new insights into the transcriptional nature of the UV response in the skin and provide a molecular framework for the underlying mechanisms by which melanocytes and the Mc1r independently mediate and afford protection against UV radiation
Water-stable isotopes in the LMDZ4 general circulation model: Model evaluation for present-day and past climates and applications to climatic interpretations of tropical isotopic records
International audienceWe present simulations of water-stable isotopes from the LMDZ general circulation model (the LMDZ-iso GCM) and evaluate them at different time scales (synoptic to interannual). LMDZ-iso reproduces reasonably well the spatial and seasonal variations of both delta O-18 and deuterium excess. When nudged with reanalyses, LMDZ-iso is able to capture the synoptic variability of isotopes in winter at a midlatitude station, and the interannual variability in mid and high latitudes is strongly improved. The degree of equilibration between the vapor and the precipitation is strongly sensitive to kinetic effects during rain reevaporation, calling for more synchronous vapor and precipitation measurements. We then evaluate the simulations of two past climates: Last Glacial Maximum (21 ka) and Mid-Holocene (6 ka). A particularity of LMDZ-iso compared to other isotopic GCMs is that it simulates a lower d excess during the LGM over most high-latitude regions, consistent with observations. Finally, we use LMDZ-iso to explore the relationship between precipitation and delta O-18 in the tropics, and we discuss its paleoclimatic implications. We show that the imprint of uniform temperature changes on tropical delta O-18 is weak. Large regional changes in delta O-18 can, however, be associated with dynamical changes of precipitation. Using LMDZ as a test bed for reconstructing past precipitation changes through local delta O-18 records, we show that past tropical precipitation changes can be well reconstructed qualitatively but not quantitatively. Over continents, nonlocal effects make the local reconstruction even less accurate
The dusty heart of nearby active galaxies -- II. From clumpy torus models to physical properties of dust around AGN
The dusty environments (= "dust tori'') of AGN are now in reach of
observations. Following our paper I on ground-based mid-IR spectro-photometry
(H\"onig et al. 2010), we present an upgrade to our radiative transfer model of
3-dimensional clumpy dust tori. The upgrade with respect to H\"onig et al.
(2006) concerns an improved handling of the diffuse radiation field in the
torus which is approximated by a statistical approach. The models are presented
as tools to translate classical and interferometric observations into
characteristic properties of the dust distribution. We compare model SEDs for
different chemical and grain-size compositions of the dust and find that clouds
with standard ISM dust and optical depth tau_V~50 appear in overall agreement
with observed IR SEDs. By studying parameter dependencies, it is shown that
type 1 AGN SEDs, in particular the mid-IR spectral index, can be used to
constrain the radial dust cloud distribution power-law index 'a', while other
parameters are more difficult to assess using SEDs only. Interferometry adds
important additional information for modeling when interpreted simultaneously
with the SED. Although type 2 AGN can, in principle, be used to constrain model
parameters as well, obscuration effects make the analysis more ambiguous. We
propose a simple, interferometry-based method to distinguish between "compact''
and "extended'' radial dust distributions without detailed modeling of the data
and introduce a way to easily determine individual or sample average model
parameters using the observed optical depth in the silicate feature and the
mid-IR spectral index.Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures; accepted by A&A; significantly revised with
respect to previous version; models are available online at
http://cat3d.sungrazer.or
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