The significance of "designing around product patents" as a source of sustainable competitive advantage in strategic management

Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist eine Studie zur Analyse der Implementations-m\uf6glichkeiten von Strategien zur Umgehung von Produktpatenten in unterschiedlichen Industrien und Firmen verschiedener Gr\uf6 fen, im Hinblick auf strategische Wettbewerbsvorteile. Als Basis der Analyse dienen traditionelle Managementmethoden, die jeweils eigene Grundanlagen \ufcber Wettbewerbszust\ue4nde, und dementsprechend auch individuelle Methoden zur Erreichung von (strategischen) Wettbewerbsvorteilen, beschreiben. Einleitend versucht die Thesis die zeitgem\ue4 fe Natur des Themas an aktuellen Problemstellungen zu er\uf6rtern. Darauffolgend wird eine cberblick \ufcber Begriffe und Themen im Zusammenhang mit dem gewerblichen Schutz von geistigem Eigentum und Urheberrechten gegeben. Im n\ue4chsten Abschnitt werden einige traditionelle strategische Managementans\ue4tze vorgestellt, die drei Gruppen umfassen: Organisationsstrategien, Porter\u2019s generische Wettbewerbsstrategien, sowie zeitbasierte Strategien. . In weiterer Folge wird der Einsatz von modernen Produktpatentumgehungsstrategien anhand des TRIZ-Systems in unterschiedlichen Produktentwicklungszyklen, basierend auf realen Anwendungsf\ue4llen, beschrieben. Kapitel f\ufcnf beantwortet schlie flich f\ufcr jede Strategie die Frage, ob die Einf\ufchrung einer Umgehungsstrategie auf Produktbasis zu einem (strategischen) Wettbewerbsvorteil f\ufchren k\uf6nnte. Abschlie fend werden die Erkenntnisse zum Einsatz der erw\ue4hnten Umgehungsstrategien in unterschiedlichen Industrien zusammengefasst und ein Ausblick \ufcber zuk\ufcnftige Forschungsfelder gegeben.The aim of this thesis is to examine the purpose and feasibility of strategies to design around product patents across companies and industries to gain a strategic competitive advantage. Traditional strategic management theories serve as basis for the analysis of competitive situations and as source of definitions for different types of competitive advantages. In order to fulfill the mission, the paper first provides a business case with real life examples to illustrate the relevance of the contemporary topic of designing around product patents. In the following chapter, fundamental concepts and terms related to Intellectual Property (IP) protection are presented. Subsequently, traditional strategic management theories, including organizational capability perspective, industrial organizational theory and time-based theories, as a basis for analysis, are discussed. The next part describes the application of methodologies related to designing around product patents within a product development cycle based on industry best practices with a focus on TRIZ. Following this, chapter five carries on to answer the questions about the use of the concept of designing around product patents to create a (sustainable) competitive advantage within each of the target theories. The final chapter contains a concluding summary and recommendations on the use of such practices in different organizational situations and varying competitive environments, as well as an outlook on potential areas for future research.Stefan Nikolaus K\uf6nigAbweichender Titel laut cbersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinZusammenfassungen in Deutsch und EnglischMasterarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universit\ue4t Graz 2016 D1047

Corrigendum: 1000 Genomes-based meta-analysis identifies 10 novel loci for kidney function

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/srep45040

Search for long-lived particles in events with photons and missing energy in proton\u2013proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV

Results are presented from a search for long-lived neutralinos decaying into a photon and an invisible particle, a signature associated with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking in supersymmetric models. The analysis is based on a 4.9 inverse femtobarn sample of proton-proton collisions at 1as = 7 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The missing transverse energy and the time of arrival of the photon at the electromagnetic calorimeter are used to search for an excess of events over the expected background. No significant excess is observed, and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are obtained on the mass of the lightest neutralino, m(neutralino) > 220 GeV (for c tau 6000 mm (for m(neutralino) < 150 GeV)

Search for heavy resonances in the W/Z-tagged dijet mass spectrum in pp collisions at 7 TeV

A search has been made for massive resonances decaying into a quark and a vector boson, qW or qZ, or a pair of vector bosons, WW, WZ, or ZZ, where each vector boson decays to hadronic final states. This search is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb 121 of proton\u2013proton collisions collected in the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011 at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. For sufficiently heavy resonances the decay products of each vector boson are merged into a single jet, and the event effectively has a dijet topology. The background from QCD dijet events is reduced using recently developed techniques that resolve jet substructure. A 95% CL lower limit is set on the mass of excited quark resonances decaying into qW (qZ) at 2.38 TeV (2.15 TeV) and upper limits are set on the cross section for resonances decaying to qW, qZ, WW, WZ, or ZZ final states

Energy calibration and resolution of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter in pp collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 7 TeV

The energy calibration and resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector have been determined using proton-proton collision data from LHC operation in 2010 and 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s)=7 TeV with integrated luminosities of about 5 inverse femtobarns. Crucial aspects of detector operation, such as the environmental stability, alignment, and synchronization, are presented. The in-situ calibration procedures are discussed in detail and include the maintenance of the calibration in the challenging radiation environment inside the CMS detector. The energy resolution for electrons from Z-boson decays is better than 2% in the central region of the ECAL barrel (for pseudorapidity abs(eta)<0.8) and is 2-5% elsewhere. The derived energy resolution for photons from 125 GeV Higgs boson decays varies across the barrel from 1.1% to 2.6% and from 2.2% to 5% in the entraps. The calibration of the absolute energy is determined from Z to e+e- decays to a precision of 0.4% in the barrel and 0.8% in the endcaps