Occupational Respiratory Health Symptoms and Associated Factors Among Street Sweepers in Ilala Municipality

Street working environment condition particularly exposed to organic and inorganic dust and chronic inhalation of dust during street sweeping may associated with increases in respiratory health symptoms among street sweepers. However the street sweepers rarely used PPEs while exposed to high level of dust which may contribute to increases the prevalence’s of respiratory health symptoms. Few published studies have showed the chronic and lung function among street sweepers, but in Tanzania no published study about occupational respiratory health symptoms and associated factors among street sweepers. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of respiratory health symptoms and associated factors among street sweepers in Ilala Municipality. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study was designed 102 street sweepers as exposed group and 85 street vegetable sellers as unexposed group means less exposed to street sweeping dust from Ilala Municipality who worked one year and above and none smoker habit were studied, the respondent rate was 57.7%. Respiratory health symptoms and socio-demographic information were collected by using a modified American Thoracic Society respiratory symptoms questionnaire and level of utilization of PPEs were assessed by closed ended questions. Frequency distribution, Chi square test and logistic regression were used in data analysis. The prevalence of respiratory health symptoms was higher among exposed than unexposed group and the difference was statistically significant, for cough (54.9% vs 12.9%) phlegm (39.2 vs 7.1%), wheezing (32.4% vs 14.1%), nose irritating (35.8% vs 4.7%) and sneezing (63.7% vs 8.2). Street sweeping dust was the main associated factor to cough, phlegm, wheezing, nose irritating and wheezing utcomes, while age associated with cough and phlegm utcomes and duration of employment associated with cough outcomes among street sweepers, and the association was tatistically significant p<0.05. Availability and wearing of mouth/nose mask was reported 70.6% and 61.8%. General availability of PPEs 41.2% responded once after three months and wearing of PPEs 47.1% responded did not wear frequently because not available at any time which did not make them motivation of frequently wearing of PPEs during street sweeping. Respiratory health symptoms are associated with street sweeping dust exposure and the prevalence of respiratory health symptoms are higher among exposed group than unexposed group. The study has recommended that the appropriate and quality PPEs to be available and frequently wearing of PPE during street sweeping and medical intervention to be implemented for further diagnostic like sputum testing, chest x-ray and chest ultrasound for street sweepers.\u

©Society for Business and Management Dynamics Price and Income Elasticities of Oil Demand in Tanzania: An Autoregressive Approach

Abstract Oil is playing a fundamental role in day-to-day economic activities in Tanzani

Promoting Difficult C–C Couplings: Which Ligand Does Best?

Producción CientíficaA Pd complex, cis-[Pd(C6 F5 )2 (THF)2 ] (1), is proposed as a useful touchstone for direct and simple experimental measurement of the relative ability of ancillary ligands to induce C-C coupling. Interestingly, 1 is also a good alternative to other precatalysts used to produce Pd0 L. Complex 1 ranks the coupling ability of some popular ligands in the order Pt Bu3 >o-TolPEWO-F≈tBuXPhos>P(C6 F5 )3 ≈PhPEWO-F>P(o-Tol)3 ≈THF≈tBuBrettPhos≫Xantphos≈PhPEWO-H≫PPh3 according to their initial coupling rates, whereas their efficiency, depending on competitive hydrolysis, is ranked tBuXPhos≈Pt Bu3 ≈o-TolPEWO-F>PhPEWO-F>P(C6 F5 )3 ≫tBuBrettPhos>THF≈P(o-Tol)3 >Xantphos>PhPEWO-H≫PPh3 . This "meter" also detects some other possible virtues or complications of ligands such as tBuXPhos or tBuBrettPhos.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (CTQ2013-48406-P)Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (CTQ2014-52796-P)Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref. VA256U13

Ligand Rearrangement and Hemilability in R hodium(I) and Iridium(I) Complexes Bearing Terphenyl Phosphines

We describe the synthesis of a series of cationic rhodium(I) and iridium(I) compounds stabilized by sterically demanding phosphines that contain a terphenyl substituent, PMe 2 Ar’ (Ar’ = 2,6-diarylphenyl radical). Salt metathesis of metal precursors [MCl(COD)(PMe 2 Ar’)] (M = Rh, Ir; COD = cyclooctadiene) with NaBAr F (BAr F = B(3,5-C 6 H 3 (CF 3 ) 2 ) 4 ) results in a series of cationic complexes in which the loss of the chloride ligand is compensated by the appearance of relatively weak π-interactions with one of the flanking aryl rings of the terphenyl substituent. The same experiments carried out with carbonyl compounds [MCl(CO) 2 (PMe 2 Ar’)] led to the corresponding cationic carbonyl complexes, whose CO-induced rearrangement reactivity has been investigated, both experimentally and computationally. The differences in reactivity between rhodium and iridium complexes, and as a result of varying the sterics of terphenyl phosphines are discusse

One-electron oxidation of [M(PtBu3)2] (M=Pd, Pt) : isolation of monomeric [Pd(PtBu3)2]+and redox-promoted C−H bond cyclometalation

Oxidation of zero-valent phosphine complexes [M(PtBu3)2] (M=Pd, Pt) has been investigated in 1,2-difluorobenzene solution using cyclic voltammetry and subsequently using the ferrocenium cation as a chemical redox agent. In the case of palladium, a mononuclear paramagnetic PdI derivative was readily isolated from solution and fully characterized (EPR, X-ray crystallography). While in situ electrochemical measurements are consistent with initial one-electron oxidation, the heavier congener undergoes C−H bond cyclometalation and ultimately affords the 14 valence-electron PtII complex [Pt(κ2PC-PtBu2CMe2CH2)(PtBu3)]+ with concomitant formation of [Pt(PtBu3)2H]+

An Overview of Recent Development in Composite Catalysts from Porous Materials for Various Reactions and Processes

Catalysts are important to the chemical industry and environmental remediation due to their effective conversion of one chemical into another. Among them, composite catalysts have attracted continuous attention during the past decades. Nowadays, composite catalysts are being used more and more to meet the practical catalytic performance requirements in the chemical industry of high activity, high selectivity and good stability. In this paper, we reviewed our recent work on development of composite catalysts, mainly focusing on the composite catalysts obtained from porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous materials, carbon nanotubes (CNT), etc. Six types of porous composite catalysts are discussed, including amorphous oxide modified zeolite composite catalysts, zeolite composites prepared by co-crystallization or overgrowth, hierarchical porous catalysts, host-guest porous composites, inorganic and organic mesoporous composite catalysts, and polymer/CNT composite catalysts