Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences and Countermeasures.

Circadian (∼ 24 hour) timing systems pervade all kingdoms of life, and temporally optimize behaviour and physiology in humans. Relatively recent changes to our environments, such as the introduction of artificial lighting, can disorganize the circadian system, from the level of the molecular clocks that regulate the timing of cellular activities to the level of synchronization between our daily cycles of behaviour and the solar day. Sleep/wake cycles are intertwined with the circadian system, and global trends indicate that these too are increasingly subject to disruption. A large proportion of the world's population is at increased risk of environmentally-driven circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, and a minority of individuals are also genetically predisposed to circadian misalignment and sleep disorders. The consequences of disruption to the circadian system and sleep are profound and include myriad metabolic ramifications, some of which may be compounded by adverse effects on dietary choices. If not addressed, the deleterious effects of such disruption will continue to cause widespread health problems; therefore, implementation of the numerous behavioural and pharmaceutical interventions that can help restore circadian system alignment and enhance sleep will be important

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

The Contributions of Previous Research on the Benefits and Future Treatments of Magnesium as an Implant Material

William Hunter proposed that damaged cartilage cannot be reconstituted. There is a more extensive availability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC’s) highlights the attractiveness of their use in cartilage regeneration. After investigating the effects of magnesium on the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induced by LPS and IFN-γ in RAW 264.7 (RAW) cells to validate its anti-inflammatory mechanism as well as the investigation of the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSCs) co-cultured with activated macrophage cell-conditioned medium and the potential effects of magnesium addition in the process, the following conclusion can be drawn: The use of Magnesium showed evidence of enhancing the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting activated macrophage-induced inflammation. Purpose: To examine the potential effects of magnesium on the phenotypic changes in macrophages and their release of inflammatory cytokines with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) activation

The Contributions of Previous Research on the Benefits and Future Treatments of Magnesium as an Implant Material

William Hunter proposed that damaged cartilage cannot be reconstituted. There is a more extensive availability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC’s) highlights the attractiveness of their use in cartilage regeneration. After investigating the effects of magnesium on the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induced by LPS and IFN-γ in RAW 264.7 (RAW) cells to validate its anti-inflammatory mechanism as well as the investigation of the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSCs) co-cultured with activated macrophage cell-conditioned medium and the potential effects of magnesium addition in the process, the following conclusion can be drawn: The use of Magnesium showed evidence of enhancing the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting activated macrophage-induced inflammation. Purpose: To examine the potential effects of magnesium on the phenotypic changes in macrophages and their release of inflammatory cytokines with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) activation