Helical motion of magnetic flux tubes in the solar atmosphere

Photospheric granulation may excite transverse kink pulses in anchored vertical magnetic flux tubes. The pulses propagate upwards along the tubes with the kink speed, while oscillating wakes are formed behind the wave front in a stratified atmosphere. The wakes oscillate at the kink cut-off frequency of stratified medium and gradually decay in time. When two or more consecutive kink pulses with different polarizations propagate in the same thin tube, then the wakes corresponding to different pulses may superimpose. The superposition sets up helical motions of magnetic flux tubes in the photosphere/chromosphere as seen by recent Hinode movies. The energy carried by the pulses is enough to heat the solar chrmosphere/corona and accelerate the solar wind.Comment: Accepted in ApJ

The role of Xrel3 in early development of Xenopus laevis.

A novel Xenopus gene called Xrel3 has been recently described, which encodes a member of the Rel/NF-κB family of transcriptional activators (Yang et al., 1998; Lake et al., 2001). Xrel3 mRNA is expressed during early cleavage stages, followed by a dramatic decline to undetectable levels at gastrulation. Later in development, messages localize to the prospective forebrain, dorsal mid-hindbrain, notochord, and otocyst. Overexpression of Xrel3 by microinjecting synthetic RNA into two-cell stage embryo in the animal pole region causes embryos to develop abnormal growths, or tumours (Yang et al., 1998). Ectopic expression of Xrel3 seems to have a major effect on pre-gastrula development. Overexpressed in the dorsal region of the embryo it caused a reduction in dorsoanterior structures in embryos, with a majority of embryos having small heads, kinked backs and shortened tails. Most of them failed to initiate gastrulation movements, as compared to controls. When animal caps from embryos injected with Xrel3 were treated with XTC-CM, Xrel3 reduces activin-induced elongation of animal caps. Xrel3, however, does not reduce FGf-mediated induction of animal caps, or the expression of Xbra in FGF-treated embryos. The results presented here show that Xrel3 inhibits mesoderm induction, but not by interfering with bFGF pathway, but by regulating activin A signalling

THE ISSUE OF SECURING COMPENSATION FOR ANTICIPATED LOSSES AS A COUNTERBALANCING TOOL OF PROVISIONAL REMEDY

Indemnification of incurred damages does not depend on its advance securement, although the law provides the possibility of securing compensation for potential losses in advance. The institution of guaranteeing compensation for anticipated losses is one of the tools for protecting the defendant’s rights in the procedural guarantees system. Procedural law doctrine and practice sometimes shift the emphasis to already incurred damages and, thus, call it the institution of compensation for damages caused by an unjustified provisional remedy. The law of civil procedure defines the rule for securing the anticipated losses and not already existing or proven damage. The misperception of the concepts of loss and damage causes the wrong approach to the essence of the mentioned institution. The criteria and rules for securing compensation for anticipated losses and incurred damages require different approaches. In relation to the incurred or expected damages, it would be more appropriate to talk not only about the compensation of damages caused to the defendant through an unjustified provisional remedy but also through the dismissed claimant’s claim. Considering all that, securing compensation for anticipated losses should include not only expected losses incurred because of unjustified provisional remedy but also as a result of unjustified/dismissed claims. The defendant may incur various expenses or lose income due to an unjustified provisional remedy or a claim. Attention should be devoted to compensating for the damages caused by an unjustified claim to the extent that, firstly, the measure of provisional remedy is based on alleged facts, and secondly, it is only one of the procedural actions directed against the defendant. The provisional remedy itself and securing compensation for the anticipated losses to the defendant form one of the procedural guarantees of effectively using the right to a fair trial and, accordingly, it is a part of the area protected by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the first Clause of Article 31 of the Constitution of Georgia. Based on the principle of equality before the law and the court, as well as the principle of the equality of the parties in civil proceedings, the claimant also has the right to claim compensation for damages from everyone who, through illicit actions, prevented the enforcement of provisional remedy issued by the court

Employment Discrimination in Georgia: Evidence from a Field Experiment

We provide experimental evidence about ethnic discrimination in the labor market in Georgia. We randomly assign Georgian and non-Georgian, male and female, names to similar resumes and apply for jobs as advertised in help-wanted web sites in Georgia. We find that gender has no effect on the probability of callback, but a job applicant who is ethnic Georgian is twice more likely to be called for a job interview than an equally skilled ethnic non-Georgian (Azeri or Armenian). The almost 100% gap in callbacks is statistically significant and cannot be abridged by having more experience or education. Both taste-based discrimination and statistical discrimination models are consistent with the evidence provided in this study. Labor market discrimination tends to aggravate in economic busts

Impact of public subsidies on micro and small business development in Georgia

The study evaluates the government's subsidy program for micro and small businesses in Georgia. Firms that submitted business ideas that scored over a predetermined cutoff level received investment subsidies from the program. To analyze the effect of public support on firm-level financial and economic results, we use a sharp discontinuity design applied to firm-level survey data of beneficiary and non-beneficiary enterprises. The survey data is complemented by administrative data collected by the implementing agency, Enterprise Georgia. We find a significant positive impact on participating firms' investment in the program's first year. We also find weak evidence of public subsidies crowding out private investments in subsequent years. The state support program appears to have not affected sales, employment, or access to additional finance for beneficiary firms, even in the program's early stages. The results are robust to sensitivity analysis.

Comparison of vancomycin and linezolid in patients with peripheral vascular disease and/or diabetes in an observational European study of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

AbstractSuboptimal antibiotic penetration into soft tissues can occur in patients with poor circulation due to peripheral vascular disease (PVD) or diabetes. We conducted a real-world analysis of antibiotic treatment, hospital resource use and clinical outcomes in patients with PVD and/or diabetes receiving linezolid or vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (MRSA cSSTIs) across Europe. This subgroup analysis evaluated data obtained from a retrospective, observational medical chart review study that captured patient data from 12 European countries. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients ≥ 18 years of age, hospitalized with an MRSA cSSTI between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011 and discharged alive by 31 July 2011. Hospital length of stay and length of treatment were compared between the treatment groups using inverse probability of treatment weights to adjust for clinical and demographic differences. A total of 485 patients had PVD or diabetes and received treatment with either vancomycin (n = 258) or linezolid (n = 227). After adjustment, patients treated with linezolid compared with vancomycin respectively had significantly shorter hospital stays (17.9 ± 13.6 vs. 22.6 ± 13.6 days; p < 0.001) and treatment durations (12.9 ± 7.9 vs. 16.4 ± 8.3 days; p < 0.001). The proportions of patients prescribed oral, MRSA-active antibiotics at discharge were 43.2% and 12.4% of patients in the linezolid and vancomycin groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The reduction in resource use may result in lower hospital costs for patients with PVD and/or diabetes and MRSA cSSTIs if treated with linezolid compared with vancomycin

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

X-ray emission from the Sombrero galaxy: discrete sources

We present a study of discrete X-ray sources in and around the bulge-dominated, massive Sa galaxy, Sombrero (M104), based on new and archival Chandra observations with a total exposure of ~200 ks. With a detection limit of L_X = 1E37 erg/s and a field of view covering a galactocentric radius of ~30 kpc (11.5 arcminute), 383 sources are detected. Cross-correlation with Spitler et al.'s catalogue of Sombrero globular clusters (GCs) identified from HST/ACS observations reveals 41 X-rays sources in GCs, presumably low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). We quantify the differential luminosity functions (LFs) for both the detected GC and field LMXBs, whose power-low indices (~1.1 for the GC-LF and ~1.6 for field-LF) are consistent with previous studies for elliptical galaxies. With precise sky positions of the GCs without a detected X-ray source, we further quantify, through a fluctuation analysis, the GC LF at fainter luminosities down to 1E35 erg/s. The derived index rules out a faint-end slope flatter than 1.1 at a 2 sigma significance, contrary to recent findings in several elliptical galaxies and the bulge of M31. On the other hand, the 2-6 keV unresolved emission places a tight constraint on the field LF, implying a flattened index of ~1.0 below 1E37 erg/s. We also detect 101 sources in the halo of Sombrero. The presence of these sources cannot be interpreted as galactic LMXBs whose spatial distribution empirically follows the starlight. Their number is also higher than the expected number of cosmic AGNs (52+/-11 [1 sigma]) whose surface density is constrained by deep X-ray surveys. We suggest that either the cosmic X-ray background is unusually high in the direction of Sombrero, or a distinct population of X-ray sources is present in the halo of Sombrero.Comment: 11 figures, 5 tables, ApJ in pres