Expansion planning of power distribution systems considering reliability : a comprehensive review

One of the big concerns when planning the expansion of power distribution systems (PDS) is reliability. This is defined as the ability to continuously meet the load demand of consumers in terms of quantity and quality. In a scenario in which consumers increasingly demand high supply quality, including few interruptions and continuity, it becomes essential to consider reliability indices in models used to plan PDS. The inclusion of reliability in optimization models is a challenge, given the need to estimate failure rates for the network and devices. Such failure rates depend on the specific characteristics of a feeder. In this context, this paper discusses the main reliability indices, followed by a comprehensive survey of the methods and models used to solve the optimal expansion planning of PDS considering reliability criteria. Emphasis is also placed on comparing the main features and contributions of each article, aiming to provide a handy resource for researchers. The comparison includes the decision variables and reliability indices considered in each reviewed article, which can be used as a guide to applying the most suitable method according to the requisites of the system. In addition, each paper is classified according to the optimization method, objective type (single or multiobjective), and the number of stages. Finally, we discuss future research trends concerning the inclusion of reliability in PDS expansion planning

Teleological Framework For Transport Planning And Evaluation: A Tool In The Seek For Integrated And Meaningful Solutions For Better Results

Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Determinação de um índice da situação do transporte - ist como elemento de suporte ao planejamento de transportes com base em método semiótico para determinação de indicadores sintéticos

Tese (Doutorado)—Universidade Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2012.Determinar indicadores sintéticos, propondo expressões métricas que representem os fenômenos aos quais estão conectados envolve o conhecimento de como se dá o processo de representação das coisas. Tal processo é estudado pela ciência da Semiótica, que ainda não foi absorvida pelos métodos hoje postos na literatura para a construção de indicadores sintéticos. O objetivo dessa tese é o desenvolvimento de um método com base semióticas para a determinação indicadores sintéticos que seja aplicado para a determinação de uma expressão métrica representativa do fenômeno de transporte, capaz de orientar o planejamento de transportes, dado um contexto especificado. Além do método proposto tem-se como resultados: modelos semióticos do fenômeno de transporte e uma expressão métrica representativa do transporte terrestre público urbano de passageiros aplicável à determinação de índices da situação do transporte no contexto das cidades brasileiras.. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTDetermining composite indicators by proposing metric expressions that represent the connected phenomena involves the knowledge of the process of representation of things. Such process is studied by the science of Semiotics, which has not yet been absorbed by the approaches presented in literature for the construction of composite indicators. The goal of this thesis is the development of a Semiotic based method to determine composite indicators applied to the determination of a representative metric expression of transportation phenomena, capable of guiding the planning of transport, given a specified context. In addition to the proposed method this thesis has as results: Semiotic models of the transportation phenomenon and a representative metric expression of the urban public passenger inland transport that can be applied to the determination of indexes of the transport situation in the context of Brazilian cities

Diagnóstico tardio do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida em Idosos

Elderly people, late diagnosed, have a higher risk of developing AIDS. With a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/ml3, they are on average more likely to die in the first year after diagnosis.  In this sense, the objective of this scoping review is to map evidence related to the associated and risk factors of late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in elderly people, but specifically, this review aims to answer the following questions: What are the associated factors of late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in older people? What are the risk factors for late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in older people? What is the context of late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in older people? This review will be guided by the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute, which will be based on the participants definition strategy, concept and context. The results will be presented by the logical and descriptive summary, presented as a map of data extracted from the articles and aligned with the objective and questions of the scope review. It is expected that this scope review will contribute to the comprehensive analysis of the health care practices of elderly people.Las personas mayores, diagnosticadas tardíamente, tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar SIDA. Con un recuento de CD4 de menos de 200 células/ml3, tienen en promedio más probabilidades de morir en el primer año después del diagnóstico.  En este sentido, el objetivo de esta revisión de alcance es mapear la evidencia relacionada con los factores asociados y de riesgo del diagnóstico tardío del VIH/SIDA en personas mayores, pero específicamente esta revisión tiene como objetivo responder a las siguientes preguntas: Cuáles son los factores asociados con el diagnóstico tardío del VIH/SIDA en las personas mayores? Cuáles son los factores de riesgo para el diagnóstico tardío del VIH/SIDA en las personas mayores? Cuál es el contexto del diagnóstico tardío del VIH/SIDA en las personas mayores? Esta revisión se guiará por la metodología del Instituto Joanna Briggs, que se basará en la estrategia de definición, concepto y contexto de los participantes. Los resultados se presentarán mediante un resumen lógico y descriptivo, presentado como un mapa de los datos extraídos de los artículos y alineados con el objetivo y las preguntas de la revisión del alcance. Se espera que esta revisión del alcance contribuya al análisis exhaustivo de las prácticas de atención sanitaria de las personas mayores.As pessoas idosas, diagnosticadas tardiamente, tem maior risco de desenvolver AIDS. Com a contagem de CD4 inferior a 200 células/ml3, elas apresentam em média mais chances de morrer no primeiro ano após o diagnóstico.  Neste sentido, o objetivo desta revisão de escopo é mapear evidências relativas aos fatores associados e de risco do diagnóstico tardio de HIV/AIDS em pessoas idosas, mas especificamente, esta revisão quer dar resposta às seguintes questões: Quais são os fatores associados do diagnóstico tardio de HIV/AIDS em pessoas idosas? Quais são os fatores de riscos do diagnóstico tardio de HIV/AIDS em pessoas idosas? Que contexto o diagnóstico tardio de HIV/AIDS em pessoas idosas foi realizado? Esta revisão será orientada pela metodologia do Joanna Briggs Institute, que assentará na estratégia de definição dos participantes, conceito e contexto. Os resultados serão apresentados pelo resumo lógico e descritivo, apresentados, como um mapa de dados extraídos dos artigos e alinhado com o objetivo e as perguntas da revisão de escopo. Espera-se que esta revisão de escopo contribua para a análise compreensiva das práticas de cuidados à saúde das pessoas idosas

Diagnóstico tardío del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana y del Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida en Ancianos:: protocolo scoping review

Elderly people, diagnosed late, have a higher risk of developing AIDS. With a CD4 count of less than 200 cells / ml3, they are on average more likely to die in the first year after diagnosis. The purpose of this scope review is to map evidence regarding the associated risk factors of late diagnosis of HIV / AIDS in older people, but specifically, this review aims to address the following questions: What are the associated factors of late diagnosis of HIV / AIDS in elderly people? What are the risk factors for late diagnosis of HIV / AIDS in elderly people? In what context was the late diagnosis of HIV / AIDS in elderly people given? This review will be guided by the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute, which will be based on participant definition strategy, concept and context. Results will be presented by the logical and descriptive summary, presented as a map of data extracted from the articles and aligned with the objective and scope review questions. This scope review is expected to contribute to acomprehensive analysis of the health care practices of elderly peopleAs pessoas idosas, diagnosticadas tardiamente, tem maior risco de desenvolver AIDS. Com a contagem de CD4 inferior a 200 células/ml3, elas apresentam em média mais chances de morrer no primeiro ano após o diagnóstico. O objetivo desta revisão de escopo é mapear evidências relativas aos fatores associados e de risco do diagnóstico tardio de HIV/AIDS em pessoas idosas, mas especificamente, esta revisão quer dar resposta às seguintes questões: Quais são os fatores associados do diagnóstico tardio de HIV/AIDS em pessoas idosas? Quais são os fatores de riscos do diagnóstico tardio de HIV/AIDS em pessoas idosas? Que contexto o diagnóstico tardio de HIV/AIDS em pessoas idosas foi realizado? Esta revisão será orientada pela metodologia do Joanna Briggs Institute, que assentará na estratégia de definição dos participantes, conceito e contexto. Os resultados serão apresentados pelo resumo lógico e descritivo, apresentados, como um mapa de dados extraídos dos artigos e alinhado com o objetivo e as perguntas da revisão de escopo. Espera-se que esta revisão de escopo contribua para a análise compreensiva das práticas de cuidados à saúde das pessoas idosas.Las personas mayores, diagnosticadas tardíamente, tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar SIDA. Con un recuento de CD4 de menos de 200 células/ml3, tienen en promedio más probabilidades de morir en el primer año después del diagnóstico. El objetivo de esta revisión de alcance es mapear las evidencias relacionadas con los factores asociados y de riesgo del diagnóstico tardío del VIH/SIDA en personas mayores, pero específicamente esta revisión tiene como objetivo responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los factores asociados con el diagnóstico tardío del VIH/SIDA en las personas mayores? ¿Cuáles son los factores de riesgo para el diagnóstico tardío del VIH/SIDA en las personas mayores? ¿Cuál es el contexto del diagnóstico tardío del VIH/SIDA en las personas mayores? Esta revisión se guiará por la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institute, que se basará en la estrategia de definición, concepto y contexto de los participantes. Los resultados se presentarán mediante un resumen lógico y descriptivo, presentado como un mapa de los datos extraídos de los artículos y alineados con el objetivo y las preguntas de la revisión del alcance. Se espera que esta revisión del alcance contribuya al análisis exhaustivo de las prácticas de atención de la salud de los anciano