Die lykische Nova N 337 aus Limyra

The article is to present an edition of a Lycian inscription found in the year 2000 in Limyra. In spite of its fragmentary state of preservation, it is of great importance since it contributes to our understanding of Lycian history and culture. Most interestingly, it offers the so far unknown Lycian ethnicon χuχrm̃mezi. Since it is accompanied by the Lycian term teteri, which in the trilingual inscription of the Letôon N 320 corresponds to the Greek term πόλις, the underlying toponym *Xuχrm̃me/i seems to refer to an urban centre. While an identification with a known Lycian city is not possible so far, the inscription provides some information which is of interest in respect to the relation between Limyra and *Xuχrm̃me/i as well as to the classification of the text. Thus, besides a historical review, it contains obligations for the present and future. Along with the fact that the inscription, although found in Limyra, whose Lycian name is known to be Zẽmuri, deals with *Xuχrm̃me/i and its inhabitants, the text is possibly to be classified as a treaty between the two cities or a decree concerning obligations of the inhabitants of *Xuχrm̃me/i towards Zẽmuri.In dem Aufsatz wird eine lykische Nova vorgestellt, die im Jahre 2000 in Limyra entdeckt worden ist. Obwohl die Inschrift äußerst fragmentarisch ist, erweitert ihr Inhalt unser Wissen über die Geschichte und Kultur Lykiens um einige interessante Aspekte. So enthält sie ein bislang unbekanntes lykisches Ethnikon χuχrm̃mezi „die Bewohner von *Xuχrm̃me/i“. Die Tatsache, dass dem Ethnikon das Wort teteri „Stadt“ vorangestellt ist, das in der Trilingue N 320 vom Letôon griechisch πόλις entspricht, weist dabei auf eine größere Siedlung mit zentraler Funktion hin. Da für die Stadt Limyra die lykische Bezeichnung Zẽmuri bekannt ist, dürfte das dem Ethnikon zugrunde liegende Toponym *Xuχrm̃me/i einen anderen Ort bezeichnen. Während die Identifikation mit einer uns bekannten lykischen Stadt noch unklar ist, bietet die Inschrift einige Informationen, die im Hinblick auf das Verhältnis Limyras zu dieser Stadt und die Klassifikation des Textes von Relevanz sind: So enthält die Inschrift offenbar neben einem historischen Rückblick auch Verpflichtungen für die Gegenwart und Zukunft. Gemeinsam mit der Tatsache, dass der Inschriftenträger zwar in Limyra gefunden wurde, im Text aber von der Stadt *Xuχrm̃me/i bzw. ihren Bewohnern die Rede ist, könnte die Inschrift als Vertrag zwischen den beiden Städten oder als Dekret anzusprechen sein, in dem Verpflichtungen der Bewohner von *Xuχrm̃me/i gegenüber Zẽmuri/Limyra thematisiert werden

The excavation at Limyra/Lycia 2016: preliminary report

Research focus “urbanistic studies in Limyra” With the approval of the scientific project “The Urbanistic Development of Limyra in the Hellenistic Period” for three years by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (P29027-G25), the research program on urbanism that had already been conducted for several years could be intensified in 2016. Particular focus should be given to the development of Limyra especially in the period under consideration, whereby the extent, the structures, and the urban image ..

Le Mort dans la ville

Le développement de rites mortuaires complexes dans l’histoire de l’Homme a résulté dans un rôle croissant joué par les pratiques funéraires utilisées comme moyen de resserrer les liens à l’intérieur d’une même communauté. À cet égard, le singulier usage d'inhumer un individu au cœur de la communauté révèle avec acuité la force de cette relation que pouvaient entretenir les vivants et les morts. Les découvertes archéologiques récentes ont souligné l’importance de telles pratiques liées aux inhumations intra-muros en Anatolie. Bien qu’il semble possible de tisser un lien continu entre ces coutumes, les contextes dans lesquels s’inscrivent la pratique d’inhumer une personne au cœur même de la communauté, depuis l’enfant du Néolithique à Çatalhöyük à la libraire de Celsius à Ephèse, en passant par le Mausolée d'Halicarnasse, ont néanmoins radicalement changés en fonction des époques et des lieux. L’objectif de ce volume, en rassemblant des spécialistes de périodes et d’horizons différents, est d’offrir non seulement un point général de nos connaissances sur ces questions, mais aussi un éclairage concernant le mécanisme de ces pratiques, leur contexte et leur impact en Anatolie, du début de l’Âge du Bronze à l’époque romaine

Variation in the Glucose Transporter gene <i>SLC2A2 </i>is associated with glycaemic response to metformin

Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug with over 100 million users worldwide, yet its mechanism of action remains unclear1. Here the Metformin Genetics (MetGen) Consortium reports a three-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS), consisting of 13,123 participants of different ancestries. The C allele of rs8192675 in the intron of SLC2A2, which encodes the facilitated glucose transporter GLUT2, was associated with a 0.17% (P = 6.6 × 10−14) greater metformin-induced reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in 10,577 participants of European ancestry. rs8192675 was the top cis expression quantitative trait locus (cis-eQTL) for SLC2A2 in 1,226 human liver samples, suggesting a key role for hepatic GLUT2 in regulation of metformin action. Among obese individuals, C-allele homozygotes at rs8192675 had a 0.33% (3.6 mmol/mol) greater absolute HbA1c reduction than T-allele homozygotes. This was about half the effect seen with the addition of a DPP-4 inhibitor, and equated to a dose difference of 550 mg of metformin, suggesting rs8192675 as a potential biomarker for stratified medicine

Extreme genome diversity in the hyper-prevalent parasitic eukaryote Blastocystis

Blastocystis is the most prevalent eukaryotic microbe colonizing the human gut, infecting approximately 1 billion individuals worldwide. Although Blastocystis has been linked to intestinal disorders, its pathogenicity remains controversial because most carriers are asymptomatic. Here, the genome sequence of Blastocystis subtype (ST) 1 is presented and compared to previously published sequences for ST4 and ST7. Despite a conserved core of genes, there is unexpected diversity between these STs in terms of their genome sizes, guanine-cytosine (GC) content, intron numbers, and gene content. ST1 has 6,544 protein-coding genes, which is several hundred more than reported for ST4 and ST7. The percentage of proteins unique to each ST ranges from 6.2% to 20.5%, greatly exceeding the differences observed within parasite genera. Orthologous proteins also display extreme divergence in amino acid sequence identity between STs (i.e., 59%–61%median identity), on par with observations of the most distantly related species pairs of parasite genera. The STs also display substantial variation in gene family distributions and sizes, especially for protein kinase and protease gene families, which could reflect differences in virulence. It remains to be seen to what extent these inter-ST differences persist at the intra-ST level. A full 26% of genes in ST1 have stop codons that are created on the mRNA level by a novel polyadenylation mechanism found only in Blastocystis. Reconstructions of pathways and organellar systems revealed that ST1 has a relatively complete membrane-trafficking system and a near-complete meiotic toolkit, possibly indicating a sexual cycle. Unlike some intestinal protistan parasites, Blastocystis ST1 has near-complete de novo pyrimidine, purine, and thiamine biosynthesis pathways and is unique amongst studied stramenopiles in being able to metabolize ?-glucans rather than ?-glucans. It lacks all genes encoding heme-containing cytochrome P450 proteins. Predictions of the mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO) proteome reveal an expanded repertoire of functions, including lipid, cofactor, and vitamin biosynthesis, as well as proteins that may be involved in regulating mitochondrial morphology and MRO/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interactions. In sharp contrast, genes for peroxisome-associated functions are absent, suggesting Blastocystis STs lack this organelle. Overall, this study provides an important window into the biology of Blastocystis, showcasing significant differences between STs that can guide future experimental investigations into differences in their virulence and clarifying the roles of these organisms in gut health and disease

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries