Contenido de metales (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb y Zn) en organismos bentónicos de áreas prístinas: Campos de hielo sur (48°- 52° lat. Sur), Chile

The total metal contents in benthic organisms inhabiting Southern ice field were studied in order to establish the abundance patterns and base line metal contents in pristine areas. Metal contents were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) in five bivalve mollusks and a sea urchin. The ranking order of metal abundance was similar to different species: Zn > Ba > Cu > Co > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb and independent of the individual values. Natural contents of these eight metals in six six benthic species were established as a reference for anthrogenically undisturbed sediment system in the Chilean Patagonia.Se analizó el contenido de metales totales en organismos bentónicos recolectados en Campos de Hielo Sur, con el objeto de establecer patrones de abundancia de metales en los organismos y concentración de referencia de metales (línea base) en una zona de aguas prístinas. Se estudiaron seis especies 5 moluscos bivalvos y un erizo. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando un espectrómetro de emisión atómica acoplado a plasma (ICP-AES). Se estableció un ranking de abundancia de metales para los analitos y fue similar para las diferentes especies: Zn > Ba > Cu > Co > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb e independiente de los valores de concentración de cada metal en particular. Se estableció por comparación que la concentración de metales informada fue semejante a otros sistemas no alterados antrópicamente

Residuos sólidos domiciliarios: Logística, una herramienta moderna para enfrentar este antiguo problema

El medio ambiente se ha convertido en tema obligado durante este último tiempo. Diferentes países del mundo han comenzado a discutir y repensar la forma de crecer económicamente manteniendo y mejorando los estándares ambientales para poder así cambiar la relación producción-contaminación a una relación perfectamente sustentable. Una herramienta esencial en la planificación de este desarrollo económico y ambiental de los países ha resultado ser la Logística. La relación Logística Inversa – Medio Ambiente y descubrir cuál es el rol que debe tomar el Estado con el fin de instaurar y promover las mejores prácticas ha sido uno de los temas obligados a discutir,  lo que se realizará tomando ejemplos de todo el mundo pero siempre con una visión de cómo está Chile con respecto al tema.The environment has become a forced topic recently. Different countries of the world have begun to discuss, and think again the way to grow economically maintaining and improving the environmental standards to therefore be able to change to the relation production-contamination to a perfectly sustainable relation. An essential tool on the planning of this economic and environmental development of the countries has been the Logistic. The relation Inverse Logistic Environment and discovering which is the function that should take the Government with the purpose of establishing and promote the best practices have been one the topics forced to discuss, which is going to carry out taking examples from the whole world, but always with a vision of how Chile is on the subject

Corpos em confinamento: hibridizações entre tempo, espaço e movimento

Em pouco tempo, várias descrições foram geradas sobre as implicações molares da pandemia da COVID-19 nos níveis econômico, social e político. Entretanto, ainda existem desafios na descrição de como a pandemia e o confinamento afetaram a vida diária. Neste artigo abordamos a configuração do corpo durante as fases de confinamento associadas com a pandemia no Chile. Para isso, abordamos o corpo como um efeito de articulações heterogêneas com o espaço, situando-nos no meio de confinamento através de fotografias produzidas por pessoas que o experimentam. Descrevemos tais imagens através de análise difratária. Os resultados mostram a importância da organização semiótica do espaço e do corpo, a condensação do tempo e do espaço e a emergência da corporeidade como evento sensível às dinâmicas sociais e políticas, apesar do confinamento.

An Upgraded, Highly Saturated Linkage Map of Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), and Identification of a New Major Locus Controlling the Flavan-3-ol Composition in Fruits

Japanese plum fruits are rich in phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols, whose contents vary significantly among cultivars. Catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) are flavan-3-ol monomers described in the fruits of this species and are associated with bitterness, astringency, antioxidant capacity, and susceptibility to enzymatic mesocarp browning. In this study, we aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the content of flavan-3-ol in Japanese plum fruits. We evaluated the content of C and EC in the mesocarp and exocarp of samples from 79 and 64 seedlings of an F1 progeny () in the first and second seasons, respectively. We also constructed improved versions of linkage maps from ‘98–99’ and ‘Angeleno,’ presently called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after mapping the already available GBS reads to Prunus salicina Lindl. cv. ‘Sanyueli’ v2.0 reference genome. These data allowed for describing a cluster of QTLs in the cultivar, ‘Angeleno,’ associated with the flavan-3-ol composition of mesocarp and exocarp, which explain up to 100% of the C/EC ratio. Additionally, we developed a C/EC metabolic marker, which was mapped between the markers with the highest log of odds (LOD) scores detected by the QTL analysis. The C/EC locus was located in the LG1, at an interval spanning 0.70 cM at 108.30–108.90 cM. Our results suggest the presence of a novel major gene controlling the preferential synthesis of C or EC in the Japanese plum fruits. This study is a significant advance in understanding the regulation of synthesizing compounds associated with fruit quality, postharvest, and human health promotion.This study has been funded by the National Agency of Research and Development (ANID)/the Scholarship Program/BECAS DE DOCTORADO NACIONAL/2020 – 21200330; Fondecyt Regular No. 1191446; Fondecyt Iniciación No. 11150662; Fondecyt Regular No. 1200718; FONDEF Project IT17I0069 Sweet Pekeetah: “un modelo tecnológico- comercial para una nueva variedad chilena de fruta”. JS was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain through the Juan de la Cierva incorporation contract (IJC2018-036623-I

Communication strategies in an international school citizen science program investigating marine litter

Communication is an essential element of science, and while it is important in all scientific endeavors, it gains substantial strategic relevance in citizen science projects. For a school citizen science program to be successful, an adequate communication strategy needs to achieve a balance between learning objectives and the generation of scientific knowledge. In this community case study, we report on the communication strategies of an international network, namely, the citizen science program Científicos de la Basura (Litter Scientists), which collaborates with schoolteachers and schoolchildren to investigate anthropogenic litter on marine beaches and in rivers. The program has been active in Chile since 2007, and as of 2018, it had expanded to the 11 countries from the central and southern East Pacific. More than 40 teachers and collaborators from these countries work in this network making an effort to connect the research activities with the learning objectives of the school curriculum. The communication between the coordination team and the teachers includes three main elements (1 - design and planning; 2 - training and research; 3 - evaluation and sharing), with the following activities: (1a) regular internal communication within the coordination team to design, motivate and supervise adequate research projects, (1b) communication with teachers to design appropriate learning materials (co-creation) and get their feedback on the planned research activities, (2a) sharing the final research plan and transfer methodological skills through regular training of the teachers, (2b) responding to methodological questions by the teachers about the sampling, and coordinate data collection and validation, (3a) guiding teachers and schoolchildren in the evaluation and interpretation of their research results, and (3b) encouraging teachers and schoolchildren to communicate their scientific findings to the wider community. Intense internal communication and regular exchange with teachers guarantees successful learning and rigorous scientific information. The main challenges for the program are team capacity, socio-economic stability, internet access, and teachers’ workloads. Recommendations to achieve successful communication and good science are efficient team communication skills, customized contacts, collaborative work, guidance of field work, feedback from participants, and promoting the sense of community

Aceites esenciales de plantas nativas del Perú: Efecto del lugar de cultivo en las características fisicoquímicas y actividad antioxidante

Los aceites esenciales (AE) son usados como conservantes en la industria de alimentos, debido a sus características fisicoquímicas y actividad antioxidante. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar rendimiento (R), gravedad específica (GE), índice de refracción (IR), actividad antioxidante (AA) y composición química de AE de huacatay (Tagetes minuta), poleo (Minthostachys mollis), romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) y sachaculantro (Eryngium foetidum L.), plantas recolectadas de 52 distritos de la región Amazonas, Perú. Para cada AE se usó análisis de varianza de efectos fijos con tres repeticiones y análisis de clúster. La actividad antioxidante se determinó con el método del radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) y sus componentes más abundantes fueron identificados con cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Las diferencias en R, GE e IR fueron significativas entre distritos. La AA no mostró diferencia significativa entre los distritos, pero entre las plantas sí. Entre los componentes volátiles más abundantes se identificó 1–adamantanol (44,42%) en huacatay, β–felandreno (20,85%) en poleo, β–mirceno (34,59%) en romero y α–pineno (23,41%) en sachaculantro. Se concluye que el lugar geográfico afecta significativamente las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los AE

Fluctuations in export productivity over the last century from sediments of a southern Chilean fjord (44°S)

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 65 (2005): 587-600, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.07.005.Here we present the first reconstruction of changes in surface primary production during the last century from the Puyuhuapi fjord in southern Chile, using a variety of parameters (diatoms, biogenic silica, total organic carbon, chlorins, and proteins) as productivity proxies. Two sediment cores from the head and the center of the fjord were analyzed and compared to gain insights on past changes in productivity in these two different depositional environments. Higher sedimentation rates found at the head of the fjord result from the combination of a shallower water column and a restricted circulation by the occurrence of a sill. Additionally, sediment mixing depths estimated from 210Pb data suggest that suboxic conditions may dominate the bottom water and the sediment-water interface in this location. Productivity of the Puyuhuapi fjord during the last century was characterized by a constant increase from the late 19th century to the early 1980s, then decreased until the late-1990s, and then rose again to present-day values. The influence of rainfall on productivity was most noticeable during periods of low rainfall, which coincided with decreased overall productivity within the Puyuhuapi fjord. Simultaneous variations in productivity and rainfall in the study area suggest that marine productivity could respond to atmospheric-oceanic interactions at a local scale. At a regional scale, marine productivity of the area may be related to other large-scale processes such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation.We are grateful to the Ministerio de Hacienda de Chile (Chilean Ministry of Treasury) and the National Oceanographic Committee (CONA) for financial support to carry out the Cimar-7 Fiordo Program (Grant C7F 01-10 to Silvio Pantoja), the FONDAP-COPAS Center, and Grant 200.031.085-1 (UdeC) for financial support. Sepúlveda was funded by a scholarship from the Graduate School of the University of Concepción and by the FONDAP-COPAS Center. Additional support was given by Fundación Andes through the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/University of Concepción agreement

Electric field effects on proteins Novel perspectives on food and potential health implications

Electric fields (EF) technologies have been establishing a solid position in emergent food processing and have seen as serious alternatives to traditional thermal processing. During the last decades, research has been devoted to elucidation of technological and safety issues but also fundamental aspects related with interaction of electric fields (EF) with important macromolecules, such as proteins. Proteins are building blocks for the development of functional networks that can encompass health benefits (i.e. nutritional and bioactive properties) but may be also linked with adverse effects such as neurodegenerative diseases (amyloid fibrils) and immunological responses. The biological function of a protein depends on its tridimensional structure/conformation, and latest research evidences that EF can promote disturbances on protein conformation, change their unfolding mechanisms, aggregation and interaction patterns. This review aims at bringing together these recent findings as well as providing novel perspectives about how EF can shape the behavior of proteins towards the development of innovative foods, aiming at consumers health and wellbeing.This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/ BIO/04469/2019 and UIDB 50006/2020 with funding from FCT/ MCTES through national funds, BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. This work was also supported by the projects AlleRiskAssess – PTDC/BAA-AGR/31720/2017 and NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-031720. Zita Avelar acknowledge the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for its fellowship SFRH/BD/146347/2019info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

El enmascaramiento del amor a Dios en la poesía de Armando Uribe

Tesis (Licenciatura en Letras)La literatura constituye muchas veces un refugio en donde un autor es capaz de esconderse detrás de sus propias creaciones. Nos permite escondernos con algo que nos cubre, algo que no nos deja ver realmente. Un autor es capaz de perderse entre sus obras por el hecho de que en esos escritos se representan cosas que no son, cosas que lo diferencian y hechos que no pasan en la vida real. Por lo tanto, lo que provoca la literatura es que crea mundos totalmente distintos al mundo real, en donde podemos refugiarnos e intentar ser otra dentro de estos nuevos escritos y dentro de este nuevo mundo, en donde las reglas que rigen las ponemos quienes escribimos ese mundo. En este sentido, podemos decir que en estos mundos rige lo que nosotros escribamos. Lo que queramos hacer y lo que podamos entender. Si queremos, nos convertimos en héroes griegos, en divinidades omnipotentes o en lo que nosotros queramos. Estos escritos constituyen un sujeto creado por el mismo autor que se inserta dentro de un mundo creado por este mismo autor. Es un sujeto literario que no solo cubre realmente al propio autor, sino que también muestra una careta falsa de lo que el autor puede ser o no puede ser en la realidad. Este autor se refugia dentro de este mundo, en donde puede ser lo que se le plazca, dentro de los límites que el mismo puede crear. Es aquí en donde entre el verdadero juego entre creador y lo creado. ¿ Hasta qué punto se puede reconstruirse uno en el otro?, ¿hasta dónde podemos saber sobre el creador , basándonos en algún personaje o mundo que el mismo creo?. En la poesía, ¿queda claro que realmente el sujeto poético es el mismo autor que se enmascara en otro, para así poder llevar a cabo diálogos , acciones fabulosas que se alejan realmente de la realidad del autor?. La poesía es un juego de máscaras, en donde adoptamos distintas visiones de este mundo nuevo. El lugar del autor, en la poesía, lo toma un nuevo sujeto. Es quién enuncia lo que se va a decir dentro del poema. Este sujeto poético es quién lleva el hilo conductor de un poema. Es en él en donde se refugia su autor. Este sujeto es una construcción del propio Creador de la obra. Aquí el autor toma su propia creación para reflejarse a si mismo, ya sea por lo que es o por aquello que no es o que nunca llegará a ser. Se enmascara en situaciones límites, en donde a veces podemos perder el límite entre el sujeto poético y el autor real. En conclusión, la poesía puede ser máscara que utilizan los hablantes autoriales para cubrirse. En ella se puede enmascarar distinto sentimientos y muchas acciones que en la realidad no son posibles de llevar a cabo. Como conversar con Dios, con distintas divinidades, etc. El autor crea estos sujetos líricos para que ellos entablen esa conversación, ese nexo entre la divinidad y el hombre terrenal. Ese nexo entre el yo y la alteridad, en lo que puede y no puede ser, entre lo real fáctico y lo real imaginario. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal encontrar esa conexión entre el autor y los sujetos líricos que crea. Y demostrar de qué manera los sujetos poéticos están en plena conexión con el autor, enmascarando a este último y enmascarando también la realidad misma. Se ha obviado el análisis textual de los mismos textos, por que el propósito es comprobar el carácter de ocultamiento y desocultamiento que contempla la producción poética de Uribe, y específicamente, en la obra elegida. Este ocultamiento y desocultamiento corresponde a la figura misma del sujeto textual