Concepto de patología general

La Patología General (de pathos = enfermedad, padecimiento, etc., y logos = tratado, palabra) es el estudio general de la enfermedad, frente al estudio especial que es el objeto de las Patologías Especiales. Estudia los aspectos genéricos de la enfermedad, es decir, lo que hay de común en los procesos morbosos'1' 2I. No es una introducción, ni un epílogo, a la Patología, sino un estudio sistemático y global del proceso morboso. La gramática y la lexicología abordan el estudio del lenguaje: la gramática busca las reglas generales, el diccionario estudia palabras concretas; del mismo modo, la Patología General estudia las leyes generales de la enfermedad, es una «gramática» de la enfermedad; y la Patología Módica estudia cada enfermedad como un estado individualizado, una especie linneana; es un diccionario que todo lo sabe acerca de cada especie morbosa. Para la Patología General, la enfermedad es un proceso en la vida de una persona, y para la Patología Médica es un estado. La enfermedad es un proceso en el tiempo y con toda la variabilidad individual peculiar ya al estado de salud

Educar en habilidades sociales para prevenir el abuso del alcohol en la adolescencia

ABSTRACTPrevious studies notice the social incompetence as a risk factor for alcohol abuse (Senra and Manzano,2003), and therefore Goleman highlighted the importance of the social competence of the teenager in order to control their own impulses, to relate and communicate efficiently with other people, and to respond to social situations in a reflexive and responsible way. This work is the result of studying the habits of alcohol consumption on a teenager sample and their social skills development level. The sample is composed of 132 teenagers in ages between 12 and 17 years old, 57.6% of them weremales and 42.4% were females. Concerning the social, family and educational environments they havevery diverse origins, some are from disadvantaged and/or conflictive environments, others live in youthshelters, etc. The alcohol consumption level is analyzed taking into consideration three levels: non consumer, casual consumer, and regular consumer. On the other hand, the social skills development is analyzed from the six factors that evaluate the used instrument (EHS de Gismero):I. Self-expression in social situations II. Defence of the own rights III. Expression of disagreements IV. Saying ‘no’ and interrupting social interactions V. Make petitions VI. Initiate positive opposite-sex peer interactions. Finally the relations between the habit of alcohol consumption, the consumption level, and the development grade of each one of the factors of the social skills are analyzed.RESUMENExisten estudios previos que señalan la incompetencia social como un factor de riesgo para el abusodel alcohol (Senra y Manzano, 2003) y Goleman puso de manifiesto la importancia de la competenciasocial en el adolescente para controlar sus impulsos, relacionarse y comunicarse eficazmente con losdemás, respondiendo a situaciones sociales de forma reflexiva y responsable.Este trabajo es fruto de un estudio de los hábitos de consumo de alcohol de una muestra de adolescentesy de su nivel de desarrollo de habilidades sociales.La muestra está formada por 132 adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 17 años, deellos el 57,6% eran varones y el 42,4% mujeres. Su procedencia es diversa en cuanto a entorno social,familiar y educativo, algunos proceden de entornos desfavorecidos y/o conflictivos, otros están en centrosde acogida, etc. Se analiza el nivel de consumo de alcohol considerando tres niveles: noconsumidores, consumidores ocasionales y consumidores habituales. Por otra parte, se analiza el desarrollode las habilidades sociales a partir de los seis factores que evalúa el instrumento utilizado (EHSde Gismero):I. Autoexpresión en situaciones sociales II. Defensa de los propios derechosIII. Expresión de disconformidad IV. Decir no y cortar interacciones V. Hacer peticiones VI. Iniciar interacciones positivas con el sexo opuesto. Finalmente se analizan las relaciones entre el hábito de consumo de alcohol, el nivel de consumo, y elgrado de desarrollo de cada uno de los factores de las habilidades sociales.(241).ABSTRACTPrevious studies notice the social incompetence as a risk factor for alcohol abuse (Senra and Manzano,2003), and therefore Goleman highlighted the importance of the social competence of the teenager inorder to control their own impulses, to relate and communicate efficiently with other people, and to respondto social situations in a reflexive and responsible way.This work is the result of studying the habits of alcohol consumption on a teenager sample and theirsocial skills development level.The sample is composed of 132 teenagers in ages between 12 and 17 years old, 57.6% of them weremales and 42.4% were females. Concerning the social, family and educational environments they havevery diverse origins, some are from disadvantaged and/or conflictive environments, others live in youthshelters, etc. The alcohol consumption level is analyzed taking into consideration three levels: non consumer,casual consumer, and regular consumer. On the other hand, the social skills development isanalyzed from the six factors that evaluate the used instrument (EHS de Gismero):I. Self-expression in social situations II. Defence of the own rights III. Expression of disagreements IV. Saying ‘no’ and interrupting social interactions V. Make petitions VI. Initiate positive opposite-sex peer interactionsFinally the relations between the habit of alcohol consumption, the consumption level, and the developmentgrade of each one of the factors of the social skills are analyzed

Implantación de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental basado en el Reglamento Comunitario EMAS en instalaciones acuariológicas

[Resumen] La Tesis aborda la implantación del Sistema de Gestión Ambiental comunitario EMAS en instalaciones acuariológicas. En la actualidad únicamente el Zoo de Copenhague, el Oceanario de Lisboa y el Loro- Parque de Tenerife. En el primer capítulo se estudian las interacciones entre la acuicultura y el medio ambiente haciendo referencia a los impactos provocados por este tipo de instalaciones en el medio natural, dado que la legislación sectorial de referencia (residuos, vertidos, emisiones, etc.) es común para las actividades de los acuarios y las plantas de acuicultura comercial. En el capítulo 2 se describen con detalle las características más importantes del Reglamento Comunitario EMAS y la Norma Internacional UNE-EN-ISO 14.001: 2004. Se desglosan los puntos más relevantes del Reglamento EMAS y las fases de implantación del mismo. Posteriormente, en los capítulos 3 y 4, se describen las instalaciones y los procesos y actividades desarrollados en el Aquarium Finisterrae de A Coruña como centro objeto de estudio de la Tesis. En el capítulo 5 se describe la Revisión Medioambiental Inicial realizada en el Aquarium Finisterrae conforme a los requisitos del Reglamento EMAS. En el capítulo 6 de describe el Sistema de Gestión Ambiental desarrollado en el Aquarium Finisterrae. Se desarrollan los procedimientos y registros creados para la implantación del mismo. En el capítulo 7 se describe una propuesta de objetivos, metas y Programa ambiental a desarrollar en el Aquarium Finisterrae en materia de aguas y residuos. Finalmente en el Anexo I de la Tesis se recoge la legislación aplicable a las instalaciones acuariológicas y de acuicultura comercial, tanto estatal como autonómica, haciendo referencia a los requisitos de obligado cumplimiento y los artículos de la legislación donde se desarrollan los mismos

Habilidades Sociales y acoso escolar: un estudio en centros de Enseñanza Secundaria de Madrid

ABSTRACTThe bullying phenomenon is a critically important subject in educational settings as well as in society. The studies conducted in this line show that people with tendency to aggressive behaviour are charac‐ terized by a distinguishable profile: instability, irritability, external attribution, high levels of anxiety, low self‐esteem and tendency to depression. This paper arises from a descriptive study with a sample of adolescents (age from 13 to 14). It is focused on the analysis of the bullying phenomenon and the impact of specific social skills on it. Nine scales of bullying are analysed: harassment, intimidation, threats, coercions, social boycott, social exclusion, social manipulation and aggressions. Likewise, we calculated a global index of bullying, taking three different levels into account: low, medium and high. Social skills measured by the instrument are subsumed by six dimensions: self‐expression in social interactions, defence of the own rights as a consumer, expression of annoyance or disagreement, saying “no” and interrupting social interactions, asking a favour, initiating opposite-sex peer interactions.Furthermore, we performed analysis concerning the following aspects: Levels of bullying by sex. Social skills by sex, and, finally, bullying according to social skills.RESUMEN Este artículo es el resultado de un estudio de tipo descriptivo con una muestra de adolescentes de eda‐ des comprendidas entre los 13 y 14 años con la finalidad de analizar el fenómeno del acoso escolar, así como la incidencia de ciertas habilidades sociales relevantes en relación con el mismo. Se analiza el acoso escolar a tres niveles diferenciados: bajo, medio y alto en las 9 escalas que componen el instrumento utilizado. También se analizan: • Los niveles de acoso escolar según el sexo. • Las habilidades sociales en función del sexo y, finalmente,• El acoso escolar en función de las habilidades sociales.ABSTRACT The bullying phenomenon is a critically important subject in educational settings as well as in society. The studies conducted in this line show that people with tendency to aggressive behaviour are charac‐ terized by a distinguishable profile: instability, irritability, external attribution, high levels of anxiety, low self‐esteem and tendency to depression. This paper arises from a descriptive study with a sample of adolescents (age from 13 to 14). It is focused on the analysis of the bullying phenomenon and the impact of specific social skills on it. Nine scales of bullying are analysed: harassment, intimidation, threats, coercions, social boycott, social exclusion, social manipulation and aggressions. Likewise, we calculated a global index of bullying, taking three different levels into account: low, medium and high. Social skills measured by the instrument are subsumed by six dimensions: self‐expression in social interactions, defence of the own rights as a consumer, expression of annoyance or disagreement, saying “no” and interrupting social interactions, asking a favour, initiating opposite-sex peer interactions.Furthermore, we performed analysis concerning the following aspects: Levels of bullying by sex. Social skills by sex, and, finally, bullying according to social skills

Ceruloplasmin expression by human peripheral blood lymphocytes: a new link between immunity and iron metabolism

Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a multicopper oxidase involved in the acute phase reaction to stress. Although the physiological role of CP is uncertain, its role in iron (Fe) homeostasis and protection against free radical-initiated cell injury has been widely documented. Previous studies showed the existence of two molecular isoforms of CP: secreted CP (sCP) and a membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored form of CP (GPI-CP). sCP is produced mainly by the liver and is abundant in human serum whereas GPI-CP is expressed in mammalian astrocytes, rat leptomeningeal cells, and Sertolli cells. Herein, we show using RT-PCR that human peripheral blood lymphocytes (huPBL) constitutively express the transcripts for both CP molecular isoforms previously reported. Also, expression of CP in huPBL is demonstrated by immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis using cells isolated from healthy blood donors with normal Fe status. Importantly, the results obtained show that natural killer cells have a significantly higher CP expression compared to all other major lymphocyte subsets. In this context, the involvement of lymphocyte-derived CP on host defense processes via its anti/prooxidant properties is proposed, giving further support for a close functional interaction between the immune system and the Fe metabolism

Extensionist pioneering at the Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte: online course in first aids and basic life support

The university´s extension has as main aim to develop interventions that impact and embrace the society. The first aids and basic life support (BLS) in the UERN has as principal objective to include, by means of the dissemination of the practical and theoretical knowledge, the first aids procedures turned to the general public, by means of an accessible language and of dynamical methodologies. Conditions of urgency and emergency are presented, usually the most frequent in the pre-hospital´ treatment, where precocious intervention word as the way to save lives, by means of practical and theoretical classes. This work tried to show how these initiatives have been developed, implanting new modalities of access to technical information about first aids, as well as all the used strategies to train effectively academic and not academic people. This Project have been under execution since 2013 and, consequently due to the importance of the theme, every year, the number of trained participants have been increasing, corroborating to the quality of the information presented and to the backup of the university and the citizens. In this way, it is of extremely importance the continuity of the permanent character of the course, in order to promote the importance and constant actualization in the field so neglected and recurrent, also considering, the promotion of the health in the virtual world too, bringing the information to any place in the world with internet access

The striking geographical pattern of gastric cancer mortality in Spain: environmental hypotheses revisited

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Gastric cancer is decreasing in most countries. While socioeconomic development is the main factor to which this decline has been attributed, enormous differences among countries and within regions are still observed, with the main contributing factors remaining elusive. This study describes the geographic distribution of gastric cancer mortality at a municipal level in Spain, from 1994-2003.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Smoothed relative risks of stomach cancer mortality were obtained, using the Besag-York-Molliè autoregressive spatial model. Maps depicting relative risk (RR) estimates and posterior probabilities of RR being greater than 1 were plotted.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>From 1994-2003, 62184 gastric cancer deaths were registered in Spain (7 percent of all deaths due to malignant tumors). The geographic pattern was similar for both sexes. RRs displayed a south-north and coast-inland gradient, with lower risks being observed in Andalusia, the Mediterranean coastline, the Balearic and Canary Islands and the Cantabrian seaboard. The highest risk was concentrated along the west coast of Galicia, broad areas of the Castile & Leon Autonomous community, the province of Cáceres in Extremadura, Lleida and other areas of Catalonia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In Spain, risk of gastric cancer mortality displays a striking geographic distribution. With some differences, this persistent and unique pattern is similar across the sexes, suggesting the implication of environmental exposures from sources, such as diet or ground water, which could affect both sexes and delimited geographic areas. Also, the higher sex-ratios found in some areas with high risk of smoking-related cancer mortality in males support the role of tobacco in gastric cancer etiology.</p

Inhibition of ATG3 ameliorates liver steatosis by increasing mitochondrial function

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health threat in both developed and developing countries and is a precursor of the more advanced liver diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Currently, understanding the multiple and complex molecular pathways implicated in NAFLD onset and progression is a major priority. The transcription factor p63, which belongs to a family comprising p53, p63, and p73,1 is one of many factors that contributes to the development of liver steatosis. The role of p63 as a tumor suppressor and in cell maintenance and renewal is well studied, but we have recently reported that it is also relevant in the control of lipid metabolism.2 p63 encodes multiple isoforms that can be grouped into 2 categories; isoforms with an acidic transactivation domain (TA) and those without this domain (domain negative). The TAp63α isoform is elevated in the liver of animal models of NAFLD as well as in liver biopsies from obese patients with NAFLD. Furthermore, downregulation of p63α in the liver attenuates liver steatosis in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, while the activation of TAp63α increases hepatic fat content, mediated by the activation of IKKβ and endoplasmic reticulum stress.2 A specialized form of autophagy that degrades lipid droplets, termed “lipophagy”, is a major pathway of lipid mobilization in hepatocytes. Lipophagy is elevated in hepatoma cells upon exposure to free fatty acids,3 and reduces the fatty acid load in mouse hepatocytes.4 Its impairment has been associated with the development of fatty liver and insulin resistance3,5; in contrast, the autophagic flux is increased during the activation of hepatic stellate cells.6 In the present study, we used an unbiased proteomics approach to gain insight into novel proteins modulating lipid metabolism in the liver of mice with genetic knockdown or overexpression of TAp63α. We found that autophagy-related gene 3 (ATG3) was upregulated by TAp63α activation and downregulated after p63α inhibition. ATG3 is elevated in several animal models of NAFLD and in the liver of patients with NAFLD. Genetic overexpression of ATG3 increased the lipid load in hepatocytes, while its repression alleviated TAp63α- and diet-induced steatosis. ATG3 exerted its role in lipid metabolism by regulating SIRT1 and mitochondrial function. Collectively, these findings identify ATG3 as a novel factor implicated in the development of steatosisThis work has been supported by grants from FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades-Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PA: RTI2018-095134-B-100; DS and LH: SAF2017-83813-C3-1-R; MLMC: RTC2019-007125-1; CD: BFU2017-87721; ML: RTI2018–101840-B-I00; GS; PID2019-104399RB-I00; RN: RTI2018-099413-B-I00 and RED2018-102379-T; MLMC: SAF2017-87301-R; TCD: RTI2018-096759-A-100), FEDER/Instituto de Salud Carlos III (AGR: PI19/00123), Xunta de Galicia (ML: 2016-PG068; RN: 2015-CP080 and 2016-PG057), Fundación BBVA (RN, GS and MLM), Proyectos Investigación en Salud (MLMC: DTS20/00138), Sistema Universitario Vasco (PA: IT971-16); Fundación Atresmedia (ML and RN), Fundación La Caixa (M.L., R.N. and M.C.), Gilead Sciences International Research Scholars Program in Liver Disease (MVR), Marató TV3 Foundation (DS: 201627), Government of Catalonia (DS: 2017SGR278) and European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (RN and GS). This research also received funding from the European Community’s H2020 Framework Programme (ERC Synergy Grant-2019-WATCH- 810331, to RN, VP and MS). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem). CIBERobn, CIBERehd and CIBERdem are initiatives of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) of Spain which is supported by FEDER funds. We thank MINECO for the Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation to CIC bioGUNE (SEV-2016-0644)S