Fleeing Cuba: A Comparative Piece Focused on Toro and the Options Victims of Domestic Violence Have in Seeking Citizenship in the United States and Canada

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit decided a case on February 4, 2013 that has undoubted international implications. Toro v. Sec’y dealt with the language of the Cuban Refugee Adjustment Act of 1966 (CAA) and the provisions of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). This article focuses on how and why the court reached its decision. It analyzes the conflict between the “plain language” of the CAA and its statutory construction to rebut the court’s assertion that the VAWA self-petition was irrelevant in this case, and ultimately, offer an alternative analysis to this case. This article also explores Canadian immigration law and demonstrates the difference in that nation’s law, as applied to domestic violence survivors, from Unites States immigration law. Finally, this article discusses how this precedent will affect the future of immigration law and its effect on natives of other countries

Paterno v. Laser Spine Institute: Did the New York Court of Appeals\u27 Misapplication of Unjustified Policy Fears Lead to A Miscarriage of Justice and the Creation of Inadequate Precedent for the Proper Use of the Empire State’s Long-Arm Statute?

This article discusses CPLR section 302(a)(1) as applied by the New York State Court of Appeals in Paterno v. Laser Spine Institute. The Paterno Court failed to properly apply a statutory jurisdictional analysis by conflating it with a due process inquiry. Also, the Court unnecessarily balanced the interests of the Empire State\u27s citizens in having a forum for access to justice with unjustified policy fears of potential costs to the state from assertions of in personam jurisdiction. Furthermore, the Court\u27s policy focus4 on the protection of medical doctors from lawsuits and the prevention of “floodgate” litigation which would adversely affect the medical profession was not justified by the record and created poor precedent for subsequent judicial application of the state\u27s long-arm statute. This article will examine CPLR section 302(a)(1), under Paterno v. Laser Spine Institute and some of its predecessors, to demonstrate that sometimes overarching policy concerns get in the way of a strict statutory analysis under CPLR section 302(a)(1). We analyze how the Court of Appeals in Paterno conflated the jurisdictional basis and due process analyses and determine that the Court, based on a faulty statutory analysis, erroneously decided that there was no statutory jurisdiction. Our article is divided into six parts. Part II briefly discusses the history of the CPLR and the manner of obtaining jurisdiction through Sections 301 and 302, focusing mainly on long-arm jurisdiction. Part III discusses and analyzes leading cases, which involve the application of CPLR 302 in obtaining personal jurisdiction. Part IV discusses a recent case, Paterno v. Laser Spine Institute, in great detail, and Part V engages in a critical analysis of Paterno with reference to a similar case, Grimaldi v. Guinn. Part VI addresses policy considerations and Part VII concludes with a discussion of how the Paterno Court entangled its jurisdictional analysis and where the Court may be headed with its future application of CPLR section 302(a)(1)

Hemmende und fördernde Faktoren einer Umstellung auf ökologischen Landbau aus Sicht landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmer/innen in verschiedenen Regionen Deutschlands (unter Einbeziehung soziologischer Fragestellungen)

Ein Zuwachs ökologisch wirtschaftender Betriebe hängt u. a. entscheidend von den Beweggründen landwirtschaftlicher Betriebsleiter ab. Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche Faktoren Betriebsleiter an der Umstellung auf Ökolandbau hindern oder dazu bewegen und wie eine dauerhafte Umstellung gewährleistet werden kann. Dazu wurden im Frühjahr 2003 insgesamt 362 landwirtschaftliche Betriebsleiter (konventionell und ökologisch wirtschaftender Betriebe) in fünf deutschen Untersuchungsregionen persönlich befragt. Die Untersuchung beleuchtet die verschiedenen Stufen des Adoptionsprozesses, von der ersten Wahrnehmung des Ökolandbaus als alternatives Landbewirtschaftungssystem bis hin zur Umstellung. Unabhängig von Produktionsrichtung und Untersuchungsregion befürchten konventionelle Betriebsleiter einen unsicheren Absatz und zu niedrige Erzeugerpreise für Öko-Produkte sowie zunehmende Beikrautprobleme im Ackerbau. Dies sind auch tatsächlich Probleme, mit denen viele Öko-Betriebsleiter nach ihrer Umstellung verstärkt zu kämpfen haben oder hatten. Für viehhaltende Betriebe erweisen sich die Auflagen zur Tierhaltung nach der EG-Öko-Verordnung als besonderes Hemmnis; häufig genügen die bestehenden Stallungen, insbesondere mit Anbindehaltung, nicht der EG-Verordnung. Für Marktfruchtbetriebe ist ein bedeutender Hinderungsgrund, dass mit der Umstellung Ackerkulturen mit gesichertem Absatz aufgegeben werden müssten – ein gewichtiges Argument insbesondere bei Betrieben mit Zuckerrübenkontingenten. Neben der Identifikation wichtigster Hemmfaktoren wurden folgende Einflussfaktoren einer Umstellung vertiefend untersucht: – Absatz und Vermarktung von Öko-Produkten; – Investitionen, die mit Umstellung auf Ökolandbau erforderlich werden; – Anreizwirkung der Extensivierungsprämie; – Arbeitsbelastung; – Flexibilität konventioneller Betriebsleiter bezüglich Veränderungen in ihrer Produktion; – Bereitschaft zu Betriebskooperationen im Zuge einer Umstellung; – Anerkennung des Ökolandbaus bei Bevölkerung und landwirtschaftlichem Berufsstand. Aus den Ergebnissen der Untersuchung wurden Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet, die sich an Politik, landwirtschaftliche Berater sowie Betriebsleiter gleichermaßen richten

Motive der (Nicht-)Umstellung auf Öko-Landbau

Der Anteil der Öko-Landbaufläche in Deutschland soll nach dem Willen der Bundesregierung bis zum Jahre 2010 auf 20 Prozent der landwirtschaftlichen Fläche(LF) steigen.Um dieses ambitionierte Ziel zu erreichen, müssen die Rahmenbedingungen für den Öko-Landbau verbessert werden. Dafür sind Erkenntnisse notwendig, welche Faktoren aus Sicht der Landwirte eine Umstellung und Beibehaltung des Öko-Landbaus hemmen oder fördern. Das Institut für Ländliche Strukturforschung (IfLS) führte hierzu im Rahmen des Bundesprogramms Ökologischer Landbau eine Untersuchung durch (Schramek und Schnaut, 2004). Ein Kernelement waren 362 persönliche Befragungen von Landwirten (sowohl konventionell als auch ökologisch wirtschaftend) im Frühjahr 2003

Kommt eine Umstellung auf Ökolandbau für konventionelle Landwirte in Zukunft in Frage – was sind Einflussfaktoren?

For assessing the development potential of organic farming in Germany on the one hand information is needed, how the demand for organic products in the future will develop. On the other hand information is needed, if farmers are willing to farm organically and which factors are influencing farmer’s decisions to convert to organic farming. The paper is based on results of 228 face to face interviews with conventional farmers, which have been carried out in the year 2003. Significant correlations between factors that influence conversion related decision-making have been identified, both with particular regional as well as general significance

More New Wine in the Same Old Bottles? The Evolving Nature of the CAP Reform Debate in Europe, and Prospects for the Future

Europe's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), its evolving role and financial and political significance have long been hot topics among rural stakeholders. This article analyses a ten-country study examining the nature and key points of discussion concerning the new reform of the CAP, finally agreed in September 2013. The study examined stakeholder views on the Commission's November 2010 Communication, the Impact Assessment and the October 2011 draft legislative proposals for the 2014–2020 period. Case-studies for each country and comparative analysis were used to stimulate discussion at an international policy conference in early 2012. The article updates Erjavec et al.'s analysis of the changing discourse in Brussels, contrasting its move from a neoliberal to a more neo-mercantilist position, with the nuanced, heavily path-dependent attitudes and negotiating stances in the Member States, even when key interest groups express consistent views across national boundaries. In this context, we see why what looked from Brussels like a consensus-oriented package still failed to offer a clear way forward for the Council and Parliament. Taking stock in October 2013, we note the outcome – a potentially greener and slightly more cohesion-sensitive policy, with weaker differentiation between its pillars but much increased national differentiation – and its future implications

Factors Affecting European Farmers’Participation in Biodiversity Policies

This article reports the major findings from an interdisciplinary research project that synthesises key insights into farmers’ willingness and ability to co-operate with biodiversity policies. The results of the study are based on an assessment of about 160 publications and research reports from six EU member states and from international comparative research.We developed a conceptual framework to systematically review the existent literature relevant for our purposes. This framework provides a common structure for analysing farmers’ perspectives regarding the introduction into farming practices of measures relevant to biodiversity. The analysis is coupled and contrasted with a survey of experts. The results presented above suggest that it is important to view support for practices oriented towards biodiversity protection not in a static sense – as a situation determined by one or several influencing factors – but rather as a process marked by interaction. Financial compensation and incentives function as a necessary, though clearly not sufficient condition in this process

Ergebnisorientierte Massnahmen zur Förderung der Biodiversität in der Berglandwirtschaft - Ein Handbuch für die Politik

Das Handbuch enthält: - Eine Einführung in ergebnisorientierte Massnahmen Projekt MERIT - Einen Überblick über die Vor- und Nachteile ergebnisorientierte Massnahmen - Wissenschaftlich fundierte Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung, Umsetzung und Governance ergebnisorientierter Biodiversitätsfördermassnahmen in der Berglandwirtschaft - Beispiel von ergebnisorientierten Massnahmen in Europ

Result-oriented Measures for Biodiversity in Mountain Farming - A Policy Handbook

The handbook includes: - An introduction to result-oriented measures - An overview of the advantages and disadvantages of result-oriented measures - Specific recommendations for the design, implementation and governance of resultoriented measures for biodiversity in mountain farming - Examples of result-oriented measures that have been implemente

JNK signalling in cancer: In need of new, smarter therapeutic targets

Copyright © 2013 The British Pharmacological Society. This is the accepted version of the following article: Bubici, C. and Papa, S. (2014), JNK signalling in cancer: in need of new, smarter therapeutic targets. British Journal of Pharmacology, 171: 24–37, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12432/abstract.The JNKs are master protein kinases that regulate many physiological processes, including inflammatory responses, morphogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and death. It is increasingly apparent that persistent activation of JNKs is involved in cancer development and progression. Therefore, JNKs represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention with small molecule kinase inhibitors. However, evidence supportive of a tumour suppressor role for the JNK proteins has also been documented. Recent studies showed that the two major JNK proteins, JNK1 and JNK2, have distinct or even opposing functions in different types of cancer. As such, close consideration of which JNK proteins are beneficial targets and, more importantly, what effect small molecule inhibitors of JNKs have on physiological processes, are essential. A number of ATP-competitive and ATP-non-competitive JNK inhibitors have been developed, but have several limitations such as a lack of specificity and cellular toxicity. In this review, we summarize the accumulating evidence supporting a role for the JNK proteins in the pathogenesis of different solid and haematological malignancies, and discuss many challenges and scientific opportunities in the targeting of JNKs in cancer.Kay Kendall Leukemia Fund, Italian Association for Cancer Research and Foundation for Liver Research